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主管:中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办:应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU

Table of Content

    15 July 2020, Volume 39 Issue 7 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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    Impact on multi-source heavy gas leakage and diffusion of leakage source distance
    QU Xiang-yu, ZHU Hong-ya
    2020, 39 (7):  893-896. 
    Abstract ( 1778 )  

    A small scales experimental study on multi- source leakage and diffusion of heavy gas has been developed, and the effects for the multi- source heavy gas leakage of the leakage source distance have been considered with a reference critical value. The results show that with various leakage source distance, the law of gas concentration changing with the diffusion distance basically conforms with the exponential decay function. A linear relationship shows between the gas concentration and the leakage source distance near the sources. When the aperture ratio is less than 30, the
    concentration of gas near the sources decreases, the concentration decreasing rate reduces and the gas diffusion range increases with the leakage source distance increases. When the aperture ratio is more than 30, there is no mixing near the leakage source, and the attenuation trend of gas concentration cannot fit the exponential decay function, and it can be considered as two single source leakage of heavy gas.

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    The influence of longitudinal ventilation velocity on the forwards moldering process of sawdust
    WANG Xue-bao, ZHENG Bing-tao, CAO Da-zhi
    2020, 39 (7):  896-899. 
    Abstract ( 1762 )  
    In order to explore the influence of ventilation conditions on smoldering process, the influence of longitudinal ventilation velocity on the smoldering establishment time, smoldering speed, smoldering temperature and quality loss in forward smoldering process of Larch sawdust were studied in the paper by using a small smoldering test furnace. The results show that under different ventilation wind velocity, the establishment time of smoldering does not display any apparent difference, but the total average smoldering speed increases obviously with the increase of ventilation wind velocity; along the smoldering propagation direction, the average smoldering speed at different positions presents the trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the smoldering temperature presents the trend of first increasing and then decreasing; when the ventilation velocity is zero, the smoldering temperature reaches the maximum of 451.9 o C. Moreover, the mass loss rate and the final residual mass of sawdust increase with the increase of ventilation velocity. The results can provide some reference for the prevention of smoldering fire.
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    Experimental study on thermal parameters of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete after elevated temperature
    YAO Xiu - peng , HAN Yang , SHEN Lei , ZHU De , CAO Mao - sen
    2020, 39 (7):  900-903. 
    Abstract ( 1766 )  
    The thermal performance of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PFRC) with different fiber content and fiber length after high temperature treatment is experimentally studied by transient heat source method. The results show that: The apparent density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat of PFRC decrease with the increase of heated temperature; The porosity increases with the increase of temperature, the content and length of polypropylene fiber have no significant influence on the apparent density and porosity of concrete, demonstrating that the concrete mass loss and the porosity raise are mainly attributed by the loss of water and the dehydration reaction of hydrates; The concrete with high fiber content has small thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity after exposure to high temperature.
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    Numerical simulation of liquid nitrogen fire prevention in computer data center
    KANG Jian - hong, ZHANG Xin - yu, WU Jin - hua, ZHU Ji - peng
    2020, 39 (7):  904-907. 
    Abstract ( 1807 )  
    Considering little understanding about liquid nitrogen spray in fire prevention of data center,fire numerical simulation of a data center was carried out by FDS software. The variations of smoke spread, flame control, temperature distribution, visibility and other parameters were analyzed by comparing the two conditions, i.e., whether the liquid nitrogen fire extinguishing system exists or not. The results show that the liquid nitrogen spraying system has dispersive effect on controlling the fire smoke spreading and can improve the visibility in the corridor. Liquid nitrogen is vaporized and distributed rapidly in the whole space, and the temperature around the ignition point can be lowered to below 50 ℃ within 500 s to protect other equipment.Compared with traditional CO 2 extinguishing agent, liquid nitrogen fire extinguishing system has certain advantages.
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    The study of the cylindrical lithium - ion battery thermal runaway and smoke characteristics
    XIANG Shuo - ling, CHEN Xian - tao, WANG Hai - bin, SUN Qiang
    2020, 39 (7):  908-912. 
    Abstract ( 1746 )  
    In order to revealed the cylindrical lithium - ion battery fire behaviors and smoke characteristics under different thermal runaway process, the thermal runaway tests of 18650 lithium batteries were conducted, through the combustion chamber and 9705 systems. The parameters of thermal runaway behaviors, smoke composition and density were obtained, during the thermal runaway process of gases ejection, jet combustion and explosion. The results showed that, the concentration of hydrocarbon, CO and other flammable gases were higher in the process of jet combustion. The higher fire temperature and explosion hazard were obtained under the thermal runaway way of explosion - combustion, but the smoke density and CO, CnHx gas content was lower. Burst is the most severe and dangerous.
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    Study on combustion characteristics of automobile seat materials
    LI Meng , DENG Bang - lin , HUANG Yuan - pei
    2020, 39 (7):  912-915. 
    Abstract ( 1803 )  
    Four kinds of car seat materials including PU synthetic leather, flannelette, mesh cloth and genuine leather were tested for horizontal and vertical combustion. The microstructure was observed by SEM. The toxic gas content and particle concentration of  PU synthetic leather, flannelette and mesh cloth were measured. The results showed that the horizontal combustion test results of  PU synthetic leather and flannels did not meet the requirements of national standards, while mesh cloth and dermis met the requirements of national standards.The flame retardant performance of PU synthetic leather and flannelette in vertical combustion test is greatly reduced, The mesh fabric can be ignited in the vertical direction, while the genuine leather has good flame retardant performance in the vertical direction.Toxic gas harm caused by combustion, PU synthetic leather > flannelette > mesh cloth; Harmful particles, mesh cloth > flannelette > PU synthetic leather.The flame retardant properties of materials are closely related to the chemical properties and microstructure of materials.
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    Hotel fire probability evaluation based on Bayesian Network
    ZHANG Lei , HUANG Xiao - jia , , XIE Shui - bo , WU Dong - li , YANG Shi - quan , ZHAO Yao
    2020, 39 (7):  916-919+934. 
    Abstract ( 1790 )  
    In order to strengthen the early warning and management of fire risks at hotel sites, the China Fire Yearbook and the fire data of Dongguan City in Guangdong Province were analyzed and summarized, and relevant literatures were consulted. A hotel fire risk model based on Bayesian networks was established and weighted the ratio method was used to calculate the probability of a hotel  fire in Dongguan. The software Genie 2.1 was used to model the fire risk factors. Sensitivity analysis of each fire risk was performed to identify the factors that have a significant impact on the fire risk. Suggestions for improving the hotel's fire risk were put forward for the significant factors.
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    Study on the flow characteristics of evacuation section of subway platform
    LI Jing - ji , SHEN Mao - xiang , LI Hong-wen , QIAN Yu - feng , CHEN Jian , WANG Jing - bo
    2020, 39 (7):  920-923. 
    Abstract ( 1706 )  
    At present, there are just general restrictions of wind velocity on the evacuation section (stairs &elevator entrance) in the subway platform referring to the relevant technical codes of China. Therefore, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation and field test were conducted to elaborate the flow characteristics of the section. On the ventilation mode of platform fire case,it was found typical stratification phenomenon along the height, namely, boundary zone, main stream zone, decay zone and reverse flow zone from the bottom to the top. The evacuated people will mainly be active in the main stream zone with the wind velocity as high as 3~6 m/s, which benefits for the smoke control and fresh air supply. The small area of reverse flow zone on the top is formed due to the divergent effect of the flow downwards, and the potential risk of smoke entrainment should be noticed. Furthermore, the flow direction should be judged in the wind velocity test of the evacuation section in the subway platform.
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    Numerical simulation of fire in pressed ventilation tunnel based on PyroSim
    CUI Xin-yuan, WU Bing, JIN Sha
    2020, 39 (7):  923-926. 
    Abstract ( 1815 )  
    Based on the“11·19”fire accident in Shandong in 2019, using PyroSim software, a fire simulation of a pressed driving tunnel with a total length of 400 m and a fire source located at 200 m was performed for both the blown and unblown ducts in the tunnel and different fire source powers. The results showed that: if a fire occurs in a press-in tunnel, the fire will develop more quickly once the wind tunnel is blown out; under certain conditions, the temperature, smoke shading rate of the trapped area in the fire field in the tunnel will increase rapidly with time and wind effect; the greater the power of the fire source, the shorter the time the trapped area is at risk.
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    Research on emergency evacuation of workshop based on PyroSim and Pathfinder
    LIU Qian, ZHAO Dao-liang, YANG Hai-ming, SUN Kang-xian, ZENG Mei-ting, YANG Li
    2020, 39 (7):  927-930. 
    Abstract ( 1858 )  
    A production workshop was selected for emergency evacuation research, and PyroSim software was used for fire simulation. The variation law of temperature, visibility and CO concentration at 2 m from the ground at each exit with time was obtained, and the available safe evacuation time was obtained. Using Pathfinder software to establish an occupant evacuation model, the workshop occupant evacuation was studied, and the required safe evacuation time was obtained. It was judged that the workshop occupant could not be evacuated in time. The evacuation utilization rate of some exit was found to be low. Suggestions were put forward, such as guiding the workshop occupants to evacuate without changing the structure of the workshop, so that the workshop occupant could be evacuated safely. Occupant evacuation training should be strengthened, and emergency plans should be improved.
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    Influence of environmental wind speed on natural smoke exhaust in vestibule
    DENG Ling, HAN Zheng
    2020, 39 (7):  931-934. 
    Abstract ( 1781 )  
    The natural smoke exhaust effect of two relatively open exterior windows in the vestibule with an area of 6 m 2 under different environmental wind field conditions is studied by means of the fire experiment and FDS.Through the analysis of the distribution of temperature and smoke density, it is found that the main factor affecting the smoke exhaust is the window area. The influence of wind speed on the temperature in the lower part of vestibule is larger than that in the upper part. With the increase of wind speed, the temperature in the upper part decreases slowly and linearly, while the temperature in the lower part increases with the deposition of exhaust gas. According to the simulation results, when the wind speed increases, closing the windward window can improve the smoke settlement phenomenon, reduce the smoke temperature in the lower layer, which is conducive to the safe evacuation.
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    Influencing factors on evacuation time of strait super long railway tunnel
    WANG Zhi - wen , YOU Wen - jiao , , XU Zhi - sheng , LIU Hui , KONG Jie
    2020, 39 (7):  935-938. 
    Abstract ( 1748 )  
    In order to explore the influence of evacuation facilities on the evacuation time in strait super long railway tunnel,evacuation models are established by Pathfinder. It takes the cross passage width, cross passage spacing, evacuation passage width and the number of persons evacuated as the main variables, mainly analyzes the changing trend of evacuation time under different variables. The results show that, the cross passage width with 2m as the boundary has a stepwise effect on the evacuation time. The evacuation time is linearly related to the change in cross passage spacing. The relationship between the evacuation passage width and the occupant load with the evacuation time show exponential relationship and growth relation of quadratic function respectively. When designing an evacuation system for a super long railway tunnel, it is suggested to take into account the construction feasibility and the subsequent operation management, and carry out a targeted evaluation for the evacuation system.
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    Influence of the glass curtain wall sandwich structure on the downward flame of polyurethane
    WANG Jing - wei , LI Wang , WAN Lu - lu , HE Can , LI Hao - han , MA Xin
    2020, 39 (7):  939-942. 
    Abstract ( 1716 )  
    In this paper, the effects of interlayer effect between the configuration of curtain wall and facade on flame shape, near - field temperature field and mass loss during fire propagation of insulation material were investigated experimentally. The influence of distance variation on the flame spreading was studied. The results showed that the flame front in the special confined space of the interlayer presented an "inverted V" type gradient distribution; the mass of the molten droplet decreased with the increase of curtain wall spacing; when the distance was big, the high temperature appeared at the central vertical area, and the temperature at the centerline decreased with the reduction of the distance. The study is helpful to evaluate the fire risk of building parallel glass curtain wall and the fire safety design of building external structure.

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    Survey and statistical analysis of fire load in super five - star hotel rooms
    YE Xiao - man , , HE Qi - ze , ZHAO Hua - liang , LI Xiao - lian
    2020, 39 (7):  942-945. 
    Abstract ( 1789 )  
    Fire load is an important factor for evaluating the fire risk of buildings, based on the project of a star hotel arranged in combination with fireproof floors,this study discussed on application of fire load investigation and statistical analysis method in decoration design. According to the layout and conditions of the guest room decoration, the actual combustible materials in the typical guest room were counted, the fire load density of the typical guest room were calculated and the distribution of the fixed fire load and live fire load in the guest room were analyzed. According to the statistics and analysis results, the corresponding refined fire protection design recommendations were provided, which also could provide a reference for the development of fire management measures for hotels with design of combined layout.
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    Applicability of adjustable ventilation platform door system in subway fire
    WANG Ji - xuan , GUO Jian - xiang , LI Qing - fei , GAO Xin , SUN Jin - fei , ZHOU Zi - han
    2020, 39 (7):  946-949. 
    Abstract ( 1705 )  
    Taking a subway station in Qingdao as the research object, carried out numerical simulation of fire scene through PyroSim software, set different opening and closing combination modes of platform screen door and ventilation window, and focused on the analysis of temperature, CO mass concentration and visibility. The results showed that the smoke exhaust effect of opening the ventilation window alone was a little better than that of opening the PSD and ventilation window at the same time, and the smoke exhaust effect was the worst when the PSD opened alone.
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    Numerical reconstruction and emergency response countermeasures of an animation studio fire
    XI Yong , SHEN Xiao - bin
    2020, 39 (7):  949-951. 
    Abstract ( 1763 )  
    In order to learn the lessons from the fires causing heavy casualties in the multi - storey buildings, stop and prevent the occurrence of malignant fire accident causing mass death and mass injury effectively, this paper applies scenarios simulation method to carry out the magnitude reconstruction of the fire happened in an animation studio in Kyoto, Japan. The quantitative calculations of fire smoke concentration field, temperature field and visibility show that the main cause of heavy casualties caused by the fire agrees well with the conclusion of the fire scene investigation. And the paper puts forward some disposal countermeasures based on the numerical analysis.
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    Study of large-flow liquefied nitrogen-foam fire fighting system for large-scale tank farms
    LANG Xu - qing, JIANG Chun - ming, WU Jing - feng, MU Xiao - dong, TAO Bin, LIU Quan - zhen, MU Shan - jun
    2020, 39 (7):  952-954. 
    Abstract ( 1771 )  
    As for the developing trend of large - scale floating roof tanks in China, the mobile large - flow fire monitor combined with remote water supply system is the main way to deal with full surface fires outside of China. The fixed and mobile liquefied nitrogen foam system have been studied for Chinese oil depots. According to results of the compressed air foam spraying and firefighting tests on large - scale oil pan, the foam spraying pipes fixed at one site on top of tank shell is better for extinguishment of full surface fire than for other means. The combination of mobile large - flow liquefied nitrogen foam system and semi - fixed foam spraying pipes on floating roof tanks is suitable for extinguishment of full surface fires, considering the distribution and amount of floating roof tanks in China.
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    Study on influences of fire inhibition and extinguishing using water spraying device installed on LNG tank vehicles
    YE Cheng, ZHOU Dan, ZHANG Bo - jun, LUO Xiang - yao
    2020, 39 (7):  955-958. 
    Abstract ( 1748 )  
    In this paper, a water spraying device for LNG tank vehicles is designed for fire inhibition tests when LNG leaks in the control cabinet and fire extinguishing tests when LNG is ignited. In addition, effects of different nozzle numbers, heights, intervals, outlet directions, diameters, locations on fire retardancy and extinguishing are investigated to optimize the spraying device. The results show that the optimal parameters of spraying device are: nozzle diameter Φ2.5 mm, nozzle height 1100mm, interval between two nozzles 900 mm. After opening the spraying device, the humidity value increases rapidly and stables up to 83.2% within 600 seconds. Experientially, this humidity level can effectively reduce deflagration risks. Once LNG is ignited, this device can effectively control or put out fire which can save sufficient time for following emergency disposal.
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    Experimental study on extinguishing wholesurface spill fire of transformers by compressed air foam
    HU Cheng , CHEN Tao , FU Xue - cheng , ZHAO Li - zeng , ZHANG Jia - qing , HUANG Yong
    2020, 39 (7):  959-962. 
    Abstract ( 1738 )  
    Based on causes of oil spill fires in transformers,a series of small - scale experiments on compressed air foam extinguishing whole - surface spill fires in transformers were studied.With compressed air foam sprinkler system and foam gun,two types of fire extinguishing methods were applied.The advantage and variation rule of extinguishing whole - surface oil spill fires in transformers with compressed air foam were evaluated. The study showed that the film - formed compressed air foam was effective in extinguishing whole - surface oil spill fires in transformers.It could form a stable coating on the high - temperature oil surface to prevent boiling and splashing.Cooling was the key factor for extinguishing fire.It could extinguish whole - surface oil spill fires in transformers and prevent re - ignition by cooling the oil temperature below the ignition point.
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    Extinguishing property of compressed air foam on bushing turret spill fire of transformer
    CHEN Tao , HU Cheng , BAO Zhi - ming , XIA Jian - jun , ZHANG Jia - qing , HUANG Yong
    2020, 39 (7):  962-965. 
    Abstract ( 1780 )  
    The fire suppression effectiveness of compressed air foam for bushing turret spill fire of transformer was studied through reduced - scale fire extinguishing experiments. The suitable fire extinguishing application method and application parameters were analyzed and proposed. The results showed that compressed air foam could effectively extinguish the bushing turret spill fire of transformer, and had a good ability of fire extinguishing and antireigniting.Under the condition that the foam solution supply intensity was 11.4 L/(min · m 2 ), the fire extinguishing time is 3.9 min. By supplying foam for 10 min, the transformer oil temperature could be reduced to below the ignition point, and re - ignition would not occur.Increasing the supply strength of foam solution can increase the speed of fire extinguishing and cooling. In actual engineering, it’s recommended to use a compressed air foam sprinkler system and a highly stable compressed air foam. The compressed air foam release device and the pipe network should adopt anti - explosion measures.
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    Development of true type transformer fire-extinguishing test platform and coupling fire-extinguishing test
    LIU Yu, CHEN Bao - hui, WU Chuan - ping, LIANG Ping, SUN Yi - cheng, ZHOU Tian - nian
    2020, 39 (7):  966-969. 
    Abstract ( 1761 )  
    The existing transformer fire - extinguishing methods have different advantages and disadvantages,and there are many kinds of transformers with irregular shape, what kind of fire extinguishing system they are suitable for needs to be known through a large number of true type tests. In this paper, the building method of real type test platform that covers several kinds of fire - extinguishing methods is put forward, which can provide reference for the real type transformer coupling fire - extinguishing test; The fire  - extinguishing test of 10kV real transformer was carried out,which showed that the fire - extinguishing effect of adding oil emulsified fire - extinguishing agent on water mist and mobile fire - extinguishing platform is improved by more than two times, and the auxiliary effect of mobile fire - extinguishing platform on water mist fire - extinguishing system is significant.
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    Experimental study on the effectiveness and safety of water mist in electrical fire fighting
    WANG Ming - wu, TAO Bo, LI Jian - wei, He Yuan - hua
    2020, 39 (7):  969-972. 
    Abstract ( 1752 )  
    In order to explore the influence of working pressure on the effectiveness and safety of high - pressure water mist in electrical fire fighting, the fire fighting experiment was carried out in the closed environment of 4 m× 4 m× 5 m for the same type of water mist nozzle under different spraying pressures. The results show that increasing the working pressure of the nozzle can enhance the effectiveness of the water mist to extinguish the electric fire; under different working pressure, the decrease rate of the insulation resistance is different; with the increase of working pressure, the decrease rate of the insulation resistance first decreases and then increases; when the working pressure of the nozzle exceeds a certain value, the influence of the water mist on the insulation resistance is more significant. For a specific high - pressure water mist nozzle, there is a suitable working pressure with good fire - fighting effect and small water damage.
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    Experimental study on fire suppression of tobacco raw material warehouse by water mist
    JIN Da - hua
    2020, 39 (7):  973-976. 
    Abstract ( 1752 )  
    Aiming at the fire of tobacco raw materials in the tobacco warehouse, a full - scale experiment was carried out to study the fire extinguishing effect of high - pressure water mist. It is found that when water mist acts on the bottom or side fire source, the fire extinguishing effect is obvious. For the fire between the crevices of the cartons, the fire extinguishing effect is poor; by setting different nozzle heights, it is found that the higher the nozzle height is, the lower the droplets momentum to the fire source is, and the fire extinguishing effect is greatly reduced; at the same time, it is found that the fire in the tobacco warehouse is prone to smoldering, once a large amount of fresh air enters the confined space, it is very easy to reignite.
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    Color characteristics of fire emergency evacuation signs in low illumination environment
    DENG Jie, LI Hai, FENG Si - hai
    2020, 39 (7):  977-981. 
    Abstract ( 1760 )  
    In order to study the color characteristic changes of emergency evacuation signs in low - illuminance fire scene, a method for quantifying low-illumination color features based on the Min’s distance is presented. The color characteristic parameters of fire scene sign background under low illuminance are studied by statistical method. Firstly, the image samples of the background were obtained in the indoor lighting environment and the low illumination single fire environment through experiments; Secondly, the test statistics and feature extraction of the experimental samples are carried out; Finally, the Min's distance and variance of the samples were analyzed.The results show that the effect of the use of the background of the near fire sign becomes worse, especially in green and blue. The non - contact measurement of the Min's distance method can effectively measure the value of each channel, and it can also analyze the influence of each parameter on the result.
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    Research on defogging of fire monitoring image based on GL-MSR
    CHEN Li - yan, XIONG Qiang - qiang
    2020, 39 (7):  981-984. 
    Abstract ( 1719 )  
    In the event of a fire in a building, the internal CCTV system has poor monitoring images under the influence of hot smoke. A multi - scale Retinex (GL - MSR) fire defogging method combining Gaussian pyramid and log lookup table is proposed to improve the monitoring effect in complex fire situations. A fire image enhancement model based on GL - MSR was constructed, and the Gaussian pyramid and log lookup table method were used to reduce the image processing time. The experimental results show that the image processing time based on GL - MSR is 1/26 of the traditional MSR method. The smoke image processing effect is better in case of emergency lighting than infrared lighting. In comparison, the processed smoke image of GL - MSR is clearer, which can effectively improve the monitoring effect of the fire scene monitoring image.
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    Multi feature fusion prediction of marine engine room fire based on LSTM network
    SUN Ting - ting , , LI Jun , SU Nan
    2020, 39 (7):  985-988. 
    Abstract ( 1853 )  
    In view of the demand for efficient and accurate prediction of the fire in the engine room of the ship, this paper establishes a ship fire prediction method based on the LSTM neural network and decision tree decision. Firstly, it determines three kinds of sensors to collect the fire characteristics of the ship. Secondly, it constructs the LSTM neural network model and optimizes the parameters. The probability of open fire, smoldering fire, no fire and smoke duration output by STM neural network are the inputs of decision tree, and the fire prediction results are output. The typical data of national standard fire are used for training, and experiments are conducted to predict the fire in the engine room of the ship. The experimental results show that the prediction accuracy is over 97% compared with other algorithms. The scheme can effectively predict engine room fire and provide scientific basis for ship safety.
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    Analysis of internal flow field of axial flow fan based on Fluent
    ZHAN Li, LIU Zhi - chao, MA Yan, YANG Cun - liang, DU Bing - lin, TAN Ji - xing
    2020, 39 (7):  988-990. 
    Abstract ( 1866 )  
    Against the existing problem that forest fire - fighting equipment cannot fully adapt to the harsh environment of forest fire, a kind of water - saving, environmental protection, efficient and safe electric control self - propelled air - water fire - fighting equipment is designed. The structure of the self - propelled air - water fire extinguisher is designed with Solidworks, and the axial flow fan is selected. Fluent software is used to analyze the internal flow field of axial - flow fan, establish the model, and obtain the flow chart and velocity cloud chart. Analysis shows that the whole equipment meets the fire - fighting requirements. Finally, the prototype is trial manufactured, and the functional test of the prototype is completed. The test results show that the fire - fighting time of the prototype is within the controllable range, which proves that the design of the machine meets the expected design requirements.
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    Analysis of resistance leakage detection technology to prevent frequent electrical fires
    WU Zhi - qiang, WANG De - kun, ZHAO Hai - long, WU Lin
    2020, 39 (7):  991-993. 
    Abstract ( 1882 )  
    Based on the analysis of the situation and mechanism of electrical fire, this paper points out the problems existing in the monitoring and early warning of electrical fire, introduces the function and effect of resistance leakage detection technology in the monitoring of electrical fire, in order to prevent the occurrence of electrical fire from the source.
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    Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of carbon fiber/epoxy composites
    JI Zhi , , XU Yan - ying , , LI Jin - du , , SUN Xiao - dong , , WANG Zhi
    2020, 39 (7):  994-997. 
    Abstract ( 1815 )  
    The pyrolysis characteristics of carbon fiber/epoxy composites with random, unidirectional and woven laminates at different heating rates were studied by thermogravimetric - differential thermal synchronization analyzer. The atmosphere was nitrogen atmosphere (50 mL/min). The heating rate was set at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ℃/min. The experimental temperature range was 25~800 ℃.The results show that carbon fiber/epoxy composites with three plyschemes has only one pyrolysis stage, and the pyrolysis temperature range and the peak temperature of weight loss rate are almost the same, but the plyschemeshas a great influence on the peak value of thermal weight loss rate and mass residual rate.With the increase of temperature rise rate, the end temperature and the temperature of maximum weight loss rate of pyrolysis reaction in each stage move towards high temperature.Kissnger method was used to calculate the pyrolysis kinetics of carbon fiber/epoxy composites, and the apparent activation energy was obtained.

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    Effects of organosilicone/hydrocarbon surfactant on the properties of water-forming film extinguishing agent
    WU Nan, CAO Qing, ZHANG Lian - chao
    2020, 39 (7):  997-1000. 
    Abstract ( 1771 )  
    In order to solve the problem that the surfactant in the present aqueous film extinguishing agent is harmful to the environment, the environmental friendly surfactant with excellent performance is selected to prepare aqueous film extinguishing agent.The performance of fire extinguishing agent added with surfactant istested.The results show that the silicone - based surfactant lauryl dimethyl betaine (BS - 12) and the bicarbonic - hydrocarbon surfactant cocamide - propyl betaine (CAB) have better properties and higher foaming ability, stable foam, rapid spreading and short extinguishing time.
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    Burn - through resistance of composite airframe wall and its derived structures
    SHEN Shi - yuan , WANG Tian - cheng , HU Ying , LI Chen - xi , CHEN Cheng , WANG Zhi
    2020, 39 (7):  1001-1003. 
    Abstract ( 1757 )  
    Taking the carbon fibre epoxy composite fuselage wall plate and its derivative structure as the research object, its flame burn-through resistance was studied through macro tests. The effects of thermal insulation and sound insulation cotton on the burn-through resistance of composite structures were compared and analysed, and the applicability of existing airworthiness provisions and compliance verification methods was discussed. The results show that the composite material and its derivative structure have good flame burn - through resistance, and can meet the compliance criteria proposed by the current burn - through resistance airworthiness verification method. The thermal insulation and sound insulation cotton can improve the thermal insulation capability of the composite wallboard. For the flammability and smoke toxicity of composite structures, necessary amendments should be done to existing provisions.

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    Experimental study on wollastonite and bentonite reinforced fire retardant coatings for expanded steel structures
    XING Jun , GUO Yong - wei , ZHANG Li - jun
    2020, 39 (7):  1003-1007. 
    Abstract ( 1825 )  
    The focus of this article is to synthesize new formulations of intumescent coatings with improved fire resistance of steel structures. The coating formulations are based on wollastonite and bentonite - reinforced expandable graphite. Ten types of intumescent coating formulations are formulated based on the content of wollastonite and bentonite and different grinding times . The test results show that as the filler (wollastonite and bentonite) content and grinding time increase, the carbon expansion rate increases, and at the same time, it can reduce the thermal penetration of the heat source to the steel plate substrate. X- ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the residual carbon contains aluminum borate, which has high thermal stability and can enhance the fire resistance of the coating. With the increase of filler content and grinding time, the carbon content in the residual carbon increases, the oxygen content decreases, and the phosphorus content increases. A higher proportion of phosphorus can help increase the formation of carbonaceous carbon. Higher filler content and grinding time can increase residual weight and fire resistance.
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    Analysis and suggestions on the construction of full - time fire brigade of Expressway
    LIU Xin - bing , ZHANG Quan - ling
    2020, 39 (7):  1008-1010. 
    Abstract ( 1908 )  
    Aiming at the problems existing in the emergency rescue of various kinds of disasters and accidents on the expressway, starting with the typical cases of the emergency rescue of disasters and accidents on the expressway, this paper studies the problems related to the construction of the full - time fire brigade on the expressway, and analyzes the outstanding risks, weak links and the main reasons of the lack of professional fire rescue forces on the expressway.Studied the importance, necessity and feasibility of building a full-time fire brigade and fire station of expressway, and put forward suggestions from the aspects of strengthening top - level design, improving policies and regulations, strengthening industry promotion, scientific and reasonable layout, and improving the relevant work mechanism of command and dispatching.
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    CFD simulations of pool fires in crude oil tank farm and the emergency response study
    SHI Yi - ding , ZHANG Zu - feng , WANG Xue - qi
    2020, 39 (7):  1010-1012. 
    Abstract ( 1742 )  
    Different pool fire scenarios of a crude oil tank farm are simulated by CFD fire modelling tool KFX. Sizes of pool fire areas are calculated based on different leak hole sizes. Wind directions, wind speeds and the tank farm geometry characteristics are taken into consideration in the study. The effect distances of different heat radiation fluxes and the heat radiation flux received by the elements engulfed by flame are taken from the fire simulation results. The safety status and the escalation potential of various fire scenarios are assessed for the tank farm designed with applicable Chinese national standards, which provides more references for the tank farm safety design. Some practical issues of the emergency preparedness analysis are also resolved through the assessment.
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    Reflection on the fire safety countermeasures of residential buildings from the 2019-nCoV epidemic
    ZHANG Mei - hong, SONG Jian - jiang
    2020, 39 (7):  1013-1015. 
    Abstract ( 1811 )  
    One of the most effective ways to fight against 2019-nCoV is isolation at home. But the residential fire in China is always high. If the residential fire safety is not in place, it will bring very adverse factors to the special war of "anti epidemic". This paper analyzes the fire characteristics of residential buildings, investigates the problems existing in the fire safety of residential buildings, probes into the applicability of the current fire control regulations to residential buildings, and puts forward measures from the aspects of shelter, smoke alarm, electrical fire monitor and decoration materials. And then, some suggestions are put forward including strengthening the grid management and fire safety propaganda, education and training, and improving the fire prevention and control ability.
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    Practice and exploration of Shenzhen fire management
    TAN Tang
    2020, 39 (7):  1015-1017+1025. 
    Abstract ( 1777 )  
    Aiming at the development goals of Shenzhen to build a pioneering demonstration zone with Chinese characteristics, based on Shenzhen's practice in social fire management, comprehensively sort out and analyze the prominent risk characteristics of fires in very large cities, and put forward solutions and suggestions in fire management from top - level design, implementation of the main responsibility,the innovation of management system,and strengthening the fire control of key areas and places.
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    Fire risk assessment of storage and logistics place
    JIN Yu - xiang
    2020, 39 (7):  1018-1020. 
    Abstract ( 2186 )  
    Based on fire risk assessment of storage and logistics place, methods of strengthening and improving the fire safety management of storage and logistics enterprises in new era were studied. Using Gustav method, the fire risk of storage and logistics place was comprehensively evaluated. The fire safety situation of typical storage and logistics enterprises was layered, and quantitatively described. The building fire risk and life and property of personnel fire risk were analyzed. According to the score, the main factors affecting the fire risk were analyzed, and countermeasures were put forward. Results showed that, the fire risk of the storage and logistics enterprise in the area are middle level; measures should be carried out to lower the destroy of the fire to the building; for some enterprise with big personnel flow rate, double protection should be carried out to lower the destroy of fire to people.
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    Research status on fire and explosion risk of hydrogen fuel cell and its prevention
    WANG Wei, YANG Jun - tao, HE Qi - ze, ZHANG Yong - feng
    2020, 39 (7):  1021-1025. 
    Abstract ( 2135 )  
    HFCV is an important direction for the development of new energy vehicles in China. HFCV and hydrogenation infrastructure related fire safety theories, codes and standards need to be improved. This paper analyzes the fire and explosion risk and fire safety status of HFCV and hydrogenation station. Research progress and achievements in various disaster scenarios such as high-pressure hydrogen leakage caused jet impact, diffusion accumulation, jet combustion, gas cloud explosion and explosion are summarized. The problems and limitations of high-pressure hydrogen fire protection have been discussed, and research directions of hydrogen energy fire safety have been prospected.
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    Frontier hotspots and dynamic trends of fire safety management research in China
    SU Chang , WANG Xin - ping , LI Zheng , ZHOU Cai - xia , CHAI Shang - sen
    2020, 39 (7):  1026-1029. 
    Abstract ( 2085 )  
    Based on 685 documents in the field of fire safety management collected by HowNet, this paper combs the evolution of fire safety management research in China through scientific knowledge map. Research on fire safety management mainly focuses on fire safety management and emergency rescue, building fire safety management, fire safety risk assessment, fire safety optimization and decision - making. The hot issues such as intelligent fire protection, fire safety management, and fire safety management of key units are sorted out. It is considered that the development trend of fire safety management research is the intellectualization of research direction, the diversification of research institutions and research methods.
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    Detection and reinforcement method of high-rise shear wall structure after explosion
    JI Hai - feng, ZHAO Qiang, ZHAO Wang - qiang, HOU Jin - jie
    2020, 39 (7):  1030-1033. 
    Abstract ( 1776 )  
    Based on a high - rise residential gas explosion accident case, the work flow of detection and reinforcement design of high-rise residential building after explosion was discussed. During detection, the scope of detection shall be determined according to the preliminary investigation of gas explosion accident site. According to the damage characteristics, crack condition and deformation of structural members, the damage degree of structural members is judged, and the basis for the reinforcement of the structure is also provided. For the reinforcement treatment of structural members, it shall be classified according to the actual damage degree. For the members which have been seriously damaged, it shall be replaced and repoured. For the rest members, relevant reinforcement measures also shall be acted, for meeting the bearing capacity and deformation of structure.
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    Assessment on sea- crossing bridge emergency support capacity of dangerous chemicals transportation accident
    GUO Jian, TAO Xing - xing
    2020, 39 (7):  1033-1036. 
    Abstract ( 1731 )  
    In order to evaluate the emergency support capacity for dangerous chemicals transportation accidents in special sections of sea - crossing bridge scientifically and objectively,quantifying the evaluation index and evaluation model, this paper puts forward an evaluation index system based on the four attributes of accident emergency warning, accident inducement analysis, emergency response and rescue, emergency organization and management. AHP is used to determine the weight of indicators at all levels, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to calculate and determine the level of emergency support capacity. Taking a sea - crossing bridge as an example, the results show that the accident emergency support capacity of the sea - crossing bridge section is in a good state, and there is still a large space to improve the emergency response capacity to ensure the safety of dangerous chemicals transportation.
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    Evacuation assessment of cabin occupants in luxury cruise
    WANG Tao, LIU Jiang - hong
    2020, 39 (7):  1037-1040. 
    Abstract ( 1842 )  
    In order to evaluate the evacuation safety of cruise cabin occupants, FDS is used to simulate the fire conditions of cabin layers while the fixed fire- fighting facilities fails. The Available Safe Egress Time is taken by the time when the monitoring indicators reach the critical value. Pathfinder is used to simulate the evacuation of occupants in the cabin layers, and the safety of occupant evacuation are evaluated.The improved measures of the corresponding dangerous conditions are given. The results show that in the two evacuation scenes, the occupants can be trapped in the stairwells due to the effect of smoke. Optimizing the evacuation route of occupants above the fire layer is necessary. Occupants can complete evacuation within the available safe egress time while the evacuation route is optimized.
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