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15 July 2023, Volume 42 Issue 7 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Research and development of clean chemical gas fire extinguishing agents under the "dual carbon" goal Shu Zhongjun, Chen Tao, 2023, 42 (7):  881-891.  Abstract ( 458 )    Under the "dual carbon" goal, with the implementation of the Kigali Amendment, the currently widely used hydrofluorocarbon gas extinguishing agent represented by heptafluoropropane, as a typical non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas, will be restricted and phased out. On the basis of reviewing the development history of gas fire extinguishing agents in waves, this paper reviews the current research status and development opportunities and challenges of chemical gas fire extinguishing agents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Load⁃carrying capacity model of glulam connections exposed to standard fire based on Johansen's model Luo Jing, He Minjuan 2023, 42 (7):  892-896.  Abstract ( 285 )   Finite element models of connections at normal temperature and heat transfer models at elevated temperature are conducted. A calculation method is proposed to determine the carrying capacity of connections under normal and fire conditions based on the Johansen's model. By considering the temperature?dependent double?spline reduction relationship of the embedment strength, the integrated embedment strength with respect to the bolt length is obtained. Furthermore, through mechanical analysis based on three major failure modes, the fire resistance time of connections under different load ratios is determined. The calculated results show a close correlation with experimental values, providing valuable references for engineering design. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the composition and formation mechanism of smoke during thermal runaway propagation of lithium-ion batteries Zhou Biao, Wang Kai, Ren Changxing, Wang Zhengyang 2023, 42 (7):  897-902.  Abstract ( 451 )   In order to explore the composition and concentration changes of smoke during thermal runaway propagation, three commonly used cylindrical ternary lithium-ion batteries with different diameters (10440 type, 14500 type and 18650 type) were used as experimental objects, and the influence mechanisms of battery energy density and different states of charge on the composition of smoke components and the corresponding total amount of generation during thermal runaway propagation were analyzed. The results show that the maximum value of gas mass generation basically corresponds to the peak temperature point at which each cell reaches thermal runaway, the trends of acidic non-flammable gas concentration curves such as HF and HCl are basically similar, and the trends of relatively flammable gas mass concentration curves such as NO2, NH3, N2O and CO are basically similar. The flammable NO2, NH3, N2O and CO in the thermal runaway propagation process of lithium batteries gas composition during the thermal runaway propagation of lithium-ion battery is positively correlated with the thermal runaway propagation duration, while non-flammable acidic gases such as HCl and HF are positively correlated with the battery energy density and state of charge. Finally, the prediction model of acidic gas generation during the thermal runaway propagation of the battery is derived by the linear coefficient fitting method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on outer fabric damage of firefighting protective clothing by washing and drying Wang Hongyang, Xia Jianjun, Shang Ke, Wang Junsheng, 2023, 42 (7):  903-906.  Abstract ( 283 )    Typical flame retardant outer layer and firefighting protective clothing were selected to study the influence of washing and drying on clothing performance during the service period. The results show that the spaying rating of fabric and clothing decreased obviously after washing and drying for 10 times. The reflective tape at the hem position is easy to damage, the hair and pilling appeared near the velcro closure, and the cabinet drying can avoid aggravating the damage of clothing. The research can provide technical support for clothing design, washing and maintenance of personal protective equipment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cause analysis of leakage at the bottom of gas cylinder containing IG541 gas Ba Chengmin, Liu Hao, You Hongxin 2023, 42 (7):  907-909.  Abstract ( 301 )    In view of the fact that the leakage at the grounding point of gas cylinders for filling IG541 gas during the hydrostatic test, the cause of gas cylinder leakage was analyzed. The corrosion product, which was at the bottom of the gas cylinder after hydraulic blasting was analyzed by energy spectrum. The corrosion product is determined as FeCO3 according to the element proportion. The formation process of FeCO3 is analyzed. The reasonable measures to control the filling of IG541 gas is found out，according to the analyzing of the formation process of FeCO3. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of fluorescence fiber temperature measurement technology in fire monitoring of high temperature oil storage tank Tan Longmei, Yang Meizhi, Ji Wanxiang, Shan Juan 2023, 42 (7):  910-914.  Abstract ( 305 )   This paper presents a fire alarm system based on fluorescence optical fiber temperature sensing technology, which can be used for real?time temperature monitoring and fire warning of petroleum and petrochemical storage tanks. The sensor probe package structure is small, high temperature and corrosion resistance, can be directly into the tank to measure the actual gas or liquid phase temperature, truly reflect the temperature change of the medium in the tank. The sensor can withstand the temperature of more than 250 ℃ for a long time, and can monitor the temperature of the high temperature residual oil storage tank of more than 160 ℃. The 650 nm laser source with high stable power output and red light excitation phosphor material were selected, and the excitation fluorescence wavelength was in the near?infrared band. The transmission attenuation in the fiber was small, the working distance was long, the temperature measurement accuracy was high, and the long?term stability was good. The temperature measuring host has a plurality of temperature monitoring channels, each channel is independent, and can monitor different zones of the tank. Online real?time monitoring platform can realize the remote communication with the host temperature measurement. The monitoring platform supports spectrum data acquisition, waveform display, real?time millisecond temperature data acquisition, oil tank hot spot location simulation, overtemperature warning and other functions. The platform is developed in a split structure with high response speed and low fault tolerance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on explosion suppression and disaster reduction methods of pipeline gas explosion Zhang Min, Fu Zhixi 2023, 42 (7):  915-919.  Abstract ( 277 )    In order to weaken the adverse effects of gas explosion in mine roadway, a pipeline gas explosion platform was built to simulate the gas explosion process of mine roadway, and the method of extinguishing explosion flame was explored by coupling pressure relief and inerting mechanism. According to studies, the key to pipeline detonation is the production of detonation resistance to the time required to construct the region and the flame to reach the time required to compete. Flame propagation to the pressure relief port occurs before the lateral pressure relief influence flame front. As the pressure difference Δp increases, the concentration of unburned regional gas decreases, resulting in a small difference in flame propagation speed, 0.6 m/s. After the pressure relief port, Δp, and gas concentration are reduced, the flame propagation speed is reduced from 4.8 m/s to 0.5 m/s, a reduction of 89.5%, resulting in a significant slowing of the flame propagation velocity and a large extension of the flame propagation time. In this process, the chain initiation and chain transfer of the combustion chain reaction are blocked, and the chain termination is enhanced until the chain termination rate is greater than the chain transfer rate, and only sporadic flames are extinguished to achieve the anti-explosion effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the effect of modified bentonite materials on inhibiting flame propagation of PMMA dust explosion Cheng Jianwei, Luo Wang, Wang Jian, Wang Cheng 2023, 42 (7):  920-924.  Abstract ( 282 )   In order to improve the current safety situation of China's powder-related industries, reduce the risk of dust explosion, this paper successfully modified a bentonite material and in the self-built dust explosion flame propagation device, successfully verified the different particle sizes and mass concentrations of modified bentonite material on 200 g/m3 500 mesh PMMA dust explosion flame propagation inhibition effect, and analyze the mechanism of its explosion suppression. Experimental results show that the modified bentonite material has a certain explosion suppression performance, and the inhibition effect increases with the reduction of modified bentonite material particle size and the increase of mass concentration; the maximum flame propagation velocity inhibition rates of modified bentonite materials with different concentrations and large particle sizes for PMMA dust are 2.81%, 15.47%, 21.38% and 63.57%; the minimum flame propagation velocity inhibition rates of modified bentonite materials with different concentrations and large particle sizes for PMMA dust are 25.73%, 26.16%, 56.68%, 31.5%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire smoke spread affected by the synergistic effect of obstacles and chimney effect in inclined tunnel Xu Qinkun, Tang Rong, Zou Peiheng 2023, 42 (7):  925-930.  Abstract ( 295 )   FDS numerical simulation software was used to study the smoke movement under the coupling effect of simulated slope and obstacle under natural ventilation condition, mainly analyzing the longitudinal smoke spreading characteristics under the tunnel roof, the plume characteristics in the obstacle area and the shaft smoke exhaust performance. The results show that: the height of the obstacle has a small effect on the maximum temperature of the roof, and the maximum temperature is mainly determined by the shaft height and slope, and gradually decreases with the increase of both and finally converges to a certain value. In the near fire, obstacles and slope will make the fire area flow field change, smoke plume length by the slope of the influence of the larger, the tunnel slope and shaft height to determine the efficiency of the shaft smoke exhaust, obstacles to its influence is small. In addition, the low shaft height will lead to the boundary layer separation phenomenon, which will not disappear with the increase of the slope, and there is always a vortex inside the shaft, when the shaft height reaches a certain value, the slope can effectively inhibit the smoke absorption through. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application research of ventilation system and interval fire linkage mode in subway tunnel Zheng Anping, Liu Caihong, Pang Mingxiao, Zhou Jixu 2023, 42 (7):  931-934.  Abstract ( 280 )    Fire safety and people evacuation in confined and narrow spaces have always been the key areas of fire protection research. Due to its large flow of people, closed space, and difficult fire evacuation, the subway needs special attention. The ventilation mode and fire linkage mode of domestic subway stations were investigated, and the principle of fire ventilation linkage mode in subway tunnel was studied. Based on the design of evacuation scheme of section fire under two modes of normal linkage and fault linkage of station equipment in case of section fire, the advantages and disadvantages of linkage mode of four stations and three sections, two stations and one section under the condition of section fire were analyzed systematically from tunnel smoke exhaust wind speed, equipment linkage and operation quantity, post disaster equipment recovery and personnel relief workload, response time and reliability of overall operation of fire linkage system, etc. Finally, the conclusion was drawn based on the actual measurement data of the two ventilation linkage schemes in Qingdao metro section fire mode. And this study can provide a basis for the design of fire ventilation linkage mode of subway tunnel. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of ambient wind on heat release rate inside the compartment fire Yang Lixian, Li Xiaoqi, Feng Wei, Sun Xiepeng 2023, 42 (7):  935-938.  Abstract ( 287 )   The heat release rate in the compartment fire is an important parameter to describe the fire risk. This paper summarizes the traditional methods of the obtaining the heat release rate inside the compartment fire （experimental method and theoretical calculation）, i.e., the experimental method of measuring the heat release rate inside the compartment fire using the cone calorimeter, and the calculation of the mass flow rate through the opening based on the buoyancy effect, hence, the theoretical method of calculating heat release rate by the oxygen consumption method is introduced, and its characteristics are expounded. Numerical simulation is proposed to study the heat release rate inside the compartment fire, and the accuracy of experimental and theoretical calculation is verified by typical fire case. Finally, the evolution of the heat release rate inside the fire room under the effect of ambient wind is simulated. It is found that the heat release rate inside the fire room decreases with the increase of wind speed, and the heat release rate does not change the total heat release rate in the under?ventilated condition. In future research, the heat release rate can be expected by numerical simulation method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire protection design of underground space based on modular block-key and difficult point analysis Xu Congcong, Jin Wei, Li Ang, Wang Qidian 2023, 42 (7):  939-943.  Abstract ( 264 )   This article focuses on the increasing development scale of underground spaces in China in recent years, which have gradually developed from a single function to a multi?functional composite space. Based on the technical perspective of building fire protection design, this article analyzes the construction characteristics and fire risk characteristics of multi?functional composite underground spaces, and analyzes the problems of multiple fire risk factors, difficult evacuation and rescue, and heavy fire consequences in underground spaces. Taking the underground space of Beijing CBD as an example, this article establishes a research method of modular block analysis and difficult point argumentation, explores and optimizes the technical points and strategies of multi?functional composite underground space fire protection design, and provides reference for urban multi?functional composite underground space fire protection design, construction, and inspection management. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of wind speed and fire source location on the fire spread characteristics of L⁃shaped comprehensive pipe gallery Liu Jie, Ying Di, Li Qiuping, Zhang Ran 2023, 42 (7):  944-949.  Abstract ( 305 )   In order to explore the influencing factors of cable fire spread in the comprehensive pipe gallery, the cable cabin in the L?shaped utility tunnel was numerically simulated to study the cable fire spread speed and temperature change in the utility tunnel under different wind speeds and single/double side fires. It is found that the increase of longitudinal ventilation wind speed and bilateral fires promote the spread speed of cable fire in the utility tunnel. When the utility tunnel is on fire on one side and the longitudinal ventilation wind speed is no more than 0.2 m/s, the flame combustion will be promoted, thus increasing the internal temperature of the utility tunnel. When the longitudinal ventilation wind speed is more than 0.2 m/s, the cold air brought from outside will cool the internal temperature of the utility tunnel; When there is a fire on both sides of the utility tunnel, the impact limit of wind speed on the internal temperature of the utility tunnel changes from 0.2 m/s to 0.4 m/s, that is, when the wind speed is no more than 0.4 m/s, the temperature in the pipe gallery will be increased; when the wind speed is more than 0.4 m/s, the temperature in the utility tunnel will be reduced. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical simulation of skin burn injuries of firefighters while firefighting and rescue Lei Ying, Yang Jie 2023, 42 (7):  950-955.  Abstract ( 278 )    In order to ensure the life safety of firefighters and improve disaster response capability, a numerical simulation of firefighters' skin burn injuries was conducted. Firstly, the heat transfer model of the skin-underclothing air layer-fire suit system was proposed. Secondly, the heat transfer model was improved taking account of the fabric's periodic movement and the variation of heat exposure distance. Finally, the skin temperature was calculated by solving the differential equations, based on which the degree and time to skin burn injuries were calculated. The results indicated that the proposed model can well predict skin burn injuries with a relative error of 5.45%~13.6% for the time to 2nd degree burn. During the exposure to the thermal radiation of 20 kW/m2, the time to 2nd degree burn went ahead 28.4% or delayed 6.7%, respectively, when either the human movement was represented by fabric movement or distance between the body and heat source was considered, resulting in a serious over/under?estimation of skin burn. Moreover, a negative correlation between fabric movement amplitude and the time to skin burn was observed. This study can offer fundamental knowledge for the safety warning systems of firefighting and the development of high?performance protective clothing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on ventilation and air exchange of tanker for hazardous chemical transportation Chen Yuehu, Wang Qili, Qian Yuyan, Yan Weidong 2023, 42 (7):  956-960.  Abstract ( 262 )   Tanker relies on manholes for ventilation, which easily accidents. A method of arranging two ventilation pipes on the inner surface of the tank to form "one suction and one delivery" to realize the ventilation cycle is proposed. According to the piping method, it is divided into ventilation scheme 1 and scheme 2. The simulation of different ventilation schemes shows that the natural ventilation method only has gas flow at the manhole, which is low in safety. Scheme 1 and scheme 2 form a better air circulation in the tank and can achieve ventilation. Scheme 1 uses a pipe with diameter of 150 mm for ventilation, and the distribution of wind speed in the tank is relatively stable. The average wind speed is 0.778 m/s, and the ventilation effect is good. It is 0.675 m/s, the speed fluctuation is small, and the safety level is high. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the risk assessment of chronic toxicity of benzene in the flue gas of cable combustion Zeng Jianpeng 2023, 42 (7):  961-965.  Abstract ( 249 )    Determine the content of benzene in the combustion smoke of WDZ-YJ and RVVB cable, and evaluate the risk of chronic toxicity of benzene using a dose?response model. The combustion test of WDZ-YJ and RVVB cable was carried out with a cone calorimeter, and the flue gas was collected with an activated carbon sampling tube; Use Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph to quantitatively detect the concentration of benzene in the collected gas samples. According to the quantitative detection results of benzene concentration, the dose?response model was used to evaluate the chronic toxicity risk of benzene. Shows that no matter whether the combustion state is flame combustion or flameless combustion, when the heat radiation flux increases from 20 kW/m2 to 35 kW/m2, the chronic toxicity risk of benzene in the flue gas of WDZ-YJ and RVVB cable is higher than the minimum acceptable risk of 10-6. According to the risk characteristics of chronic toxicity of benzene in the smoke of typical electric wires and cables, fire fighters should wear personal protective equipment such as air respirators and do a good job of personal protection during the handling of related fire accidents. During the investigation of related fire accidents, fire supervisors and fire dispatchers should also reduce the exposure of mouth, nose and skin , minimize the exposure time, and do a good job of personal protection against chronic occupational diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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A system of flame location and automatic tracking for fire-fighting robot Hao Yongqi, Liu Xiaoming, Zhang Guofang 2023, 42 (7):  966-971.  Abstract ( 355 )    Traditional fire-fighting robots are limited by fire detection and location technology. The detection and location accuracy are greatly affected by the environment, resulting in poor performance, complex deployment and low intellectualization. Against this problem, a set of automatic fire location and tracking system is designed and implemented based on deep learning, which is also integrated with video image processing technology. The system uses a high-real-time deep learning model for fire detection, and it eliminates false alarms by calculating and comparing the structural similarity ratio of the images, as well as combined with the dynamic characteristics of the flame, thereby further improving the detection accuracy. At the same time, the system introduces the secondary detection based on redundant image segmentation to improve the detection rate of small target fire and effectively increase the detection distance of fire-fighting robots. Additionally, our work facilitates the deployment by taking advantage of the monocular camera to locate and track the fire source. Experimental results have demonstrated that the system improves the accuracy and detection distance of flame detection, and has good real-time performance. These results also allow the proposed system to be a prime candidate for fire-fighting robots in some complex environments. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on environment reconstruction of indoor fire fighting robot based on structured light Li Qiuyu, Du Hubin, Huang Pengjun, Liu Yongtao 2023, 42 (7):  972-977.  Abstract ( 305 )    Stereo depth cameras, RGB-D cameras and other environment construction sensors based on color images will produce large errors or even fail to measure in a complex indoor fire environment with a lot of smoke and darkness, leading to a serious decline of autonomous fire-fighting robots in the environmental perception and reconstruction capabilities, then it won't be able to effectively detect and bypass unknown obstacles. Besides, multi-line lidar is expensive and has low indoor utilization. In order to improve the environment perception and reconstruction capabilities of autonomous fire-fighting robots in indoor fire scenes, this paper proposes a method for indoor 2D environment reconstruction based on structured light depth camera. Firstly, using the IMU attitude sensor correct the depth data; secondly, use the Area-Threshold-Height-Filtering algorithm to distinguish obstacles and roads in the world coordinate system, then we can get the map of 2D point cloud. Finally, build the dynamic model of the camera and the robot, so that we can fix installation errors and update the global environment map. We tested the improved algorithm on the indoor autonomous fire-fighting robot platform. The results show that the improved algorithm effectively improves the environment reconstruction and perception capabilities of autonomous fire-fighting robots in the complex fire scene, and the robot can accurately avoid obstacles and quickly go to the fire area to put out the fire. The article has a great significance of autonomous fire-fighting robots about navigation and obstacle avoidance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on three-dimensional spatial location technology of leak source based on acoustic imaging Li Mingjun 2023, 42 (7):  978-981.  Abstract ( 283 )    In order to improve the recognition and positioning ability of imaging monitoring technology in three-dimensional space, this paper takes acoustic imaging as an example to study the three-dimensional spatial location method of sound source. Through the coordinate transformation of the monitoring images of two acoustic cameras, the two-dimensional sound field distribution information and visible video images are mapped to the three-dimensional space, and the three-dimensional space structure of the monitoring object is superimposed to realize the automatic identification and regional positioning of the leakage noise points. The simulation calculation and simulation experiment show that the method realizes the three-dimensional spatial location of the leak source, and realizes the unattended leak identification and alarm by locating the leak parts, and improves the application effect of imaging monitoring technology in the leak monitoring scene of the hazardous chemical industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and application of fire investigation information platform under the background of digital government construction Li Dandan, Xia Dawei 2023, 42 (7):  982-985.  Abstract ( 269 )   The implementation of science and technology information innovation leading project and promoting the high?quality development of fire protection is an important support to strengthen the construction of digital government. The establishment of the fire accident investigation information platform brings the possibility for the transformation of the fire accident investigation work from the traditional mode to the digital mode and the internet office mode. According to the information platform design principles of open sharing, integration and innovation, reform and transformation, leading and leaping, safe and orderly, this paper puts forward the construction framework design mode of fire accident investigation information platform integrated into digital government. The platform integrates big data, mobile internet, geographic information technology and streaming media technology to realize "internet + fire investigation", and provides one?stop solutions for the dynamic collection and dynamic update of fire site information, talent training and other aspects of the work. Related Articles | Metrics

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Technology and development trend of photoelectric smoke detector Cao Zhen, Liu Xiaopeng 2023, 42 (7):  986-988.  Abstract ( 396 )   In order to improve the reliability of automatic fire alarm system and find a way to reduce the false alarm rate of photoelectric smoke detector, the research results, product characteristics and inspection standards of photoelectric smoke detection technology at home and abroad in recent years were investigated, and the technical status and development trend of photoelectric smoke detector were analyzed. Results show that in order to solve the problem of false alarm, technological research and development can be carried out in the direction of improving photoelectric sensor scheme, optimizing smoke identification algorithm, and using composite sensor, but more important, timely promulgate and update of corresponding national standards to lead the healthy development of the industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional path planning of forest fire rescue robot based on improved ant colony algorithm Qiao Jia, Shi Yanxia, Wang Haochen 2023, 42 (7):  989-994.  Abstract ( 298 )   In forest fires, rescue robots need to work in a three?dimensional environment, and studying three?dimensional path planning is of great significance. An improved pheromone updating algorithm and a heuristic function with safety value were proposed to solve the common problem of local optimization and long search time in 3D path planning based on ant colony algorithm. To better avoid obstacles and areas with concentrated fire, choose a search mode that combines plane and field of view. According to the test results of the traditional ant colony algorithm and the improved ant colony algorithm, the latter has about 30 iterations less than the former, and the fitness value has decreased by 2.4×10^3, improving the operating efficiency of the system. And the latter’s path selection is more reasonable, proving the superiority of the improved algorithm. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current situation and allocation optimization of forest fire emergency resources in Baihe forestry bureau, Jilin Province Cui Chenxi, Shan Yanlong, Cao Lili, Li Changhua, 2023, 42 (7):  995-999.  Abstract ( 264 )   Reserve and allocation of forest fire emergency resources are the key factors for the emergency response of forest fire. The damage of forest fire can be minimized as soon as possible by reasonable allocation and scheduling. Research shows that the construction of emergency resource in Baihe forestry bureau is relatively complete, the forest fire brigades and observation towers could basically cover all of the forest farms, and the construction of the bureau's forest fire brigade is the most complete. The forest fire extinguishing time could be reduced through optimizing the allocation of emergency resources based on the emergency resource allocation scheduling model. The worstequipped of the existing emergency resources is transportation equipment, so it is necessary to strengthen the construction of transportation equipment among the forestry bureau. Observation towers of Baoma forest farm which is the hot spot of forest fire in the northern area are not enough, so it is necessary to strengthen the construction of fire monitoring in the farm. The southern area of the bureau is close to the frontier line, and the central area is also the hot spot of forest fire, but currently the monitoring and fighting facilities are relatively weak. Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen the construction, increase the emergency handling capabilities and pay attention to the equipment maintenance at the same time. By the investigation of current situation of emergency resources of forest fires in the forestry bureau, the emergency resource allocation and firefighting routes are optimized according to the real fire ground. Based on the occurrence patterns of forest fires and the existing emergency resources of the forestry bureau, the recommendation for emergency resource construction is proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire emergency and information disclosure in the new media era Wen Zhiqiang, Wang Fei, Zhang Meiting, Hu Feng, 2023, 42 (7):  1000-1003.  Abstract ( 298 )    Fire emergency has a high social attention, improper information disclosure and reporting is easy to cause negative public emotions, and through the spread and fermentation of network media, it is easy to form the risk of obstructing fire emergency management and destroying social stability and order.The research is carried out based on the DIIS theory "Data-Information-Intelligence-Solution" framework steps, using the analysis of big data related to the theme of the whole network, and revealing information through the AoC theoretical model (horizontal) and "four dimensions" (vertical). The Delphi expert method combines DSR theory to conduct comprehensive research and judgment, and gives specific countermeasures and suggestions in combination with reality. The study identified the types of fire emergencies that are more likely to trigger negative emotions, the geographic characteristics that are prone to negative emotions, the critical forms that drive emotional spread, and the types of accounts that internet users are more concerned about. It also identified two key time points for information disclosure and management guidance. Based on the actual situation of information disclosure and management guidance in the new media environment, the study provided countermeasures and suggestions in four dimensions: "degree"，"skill"，"harm" and "scope". Related Articles | Metrics

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Derivation of rescue strategies for petrochemical fire based on cost-risk theory Hu Renyuan, Xia Dengyou 2023, 42 (7):  1004-1009.  Abstract ( 260 )   This article addresses the subjectivity interference and algorithmic deficiencies that exist in scenario simulation for sudden events. Using petroleum and chemical fires as the object the article first analyzes the dynamic evolution of the scenario to, demonstrate the shortcomings of previous Bayesian network nodes and probability distribution. Subsequently, frequency thinking is utilized to determine conditional probability values, and an inequality algorithm is established that takes into account the costs of information collection, errors in countermeasures, and risks of delayed response. Finally, taking a fire in a certain liquefied petroleum gas storage tank area as an example, the fire is divided into three situations: out of control, difficult to control, and controllable. Corresponding strategies of defense, attack, and annihilation are proposed. By using software deduction and probability correction, the optimal rescue strategies at different stages are calculated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the present situation and trends of "smart fire" technology Wang Wei 2023, 42 (7):  1010-1013.  Abstract ( 527 )   Currently, both domestic and foreign governments are actively promoting the research and application of "smart fire" technology. As one of the most populous countries in the world, China is facing increasingly severe fire safety challenges. The article is based on on?site research in provinces and cities such as Tianjin, Shanghai, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Henan, and combines the theory and practice of "smart fire" at home and abroad to systematically analyze the current situation and shortcomings of "smart fire" construction in China. On this basis, a series of countermeasures and suggestions tailored to China's national conditions are proposed, aiming to achieve refined dynamic management and scientific and efficient disposal, thereby enhancing the ability of fire safety governance and the ability of the entire society to prevent and reduce disaster. Related Articles | Metrics

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Wind⁃driven fire fighting casualty response strategies Ke Jincheng 2023, 42 (7):  1014-1017.  Abstract ( 262 )   In order to solve the problem of firefighter casualties caused by the sudden change in wind direction in the fire scene, this paper analyzes the development and changes of fire behavior under wind conditions, the hazards and formation principles of wind driven fires, and elaborates on the technical key points of reasonable ventilation. Propose suggestions on strengthening the training of firefighting and rescue operations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and application of virtual simulation experimental teaching system for building fire protection engineering Yan long, Wei Zheng, Zhu Zhihui, Xu Zhisheng 2023, 42 (7):  1018-1022.  Abstract ( 317 )    In order to actively promote the construction of first?class undergraduate education and cultivate high?quality fire engineering professionals, the construction status of virtual simulation experimental teaching system for construction engineering firefighting was analyzed by combining the core teaching content of fire engineering undergraduate talent training, and a set of virtual simulation experimental teaching system was constructed including fire protection system, fire fighting system, smoke extraction system, automatic alarm system and safety evacuation system of building engineering. The system contains introduction, design and assessment modules, in which the introduction module allows students to systematically understand the composition, operating principle and maintenance methods of building fire protection system, and the design module allows students to master the whole process of designing each system and deepen their mastery of the theory and methods of fire protection system in the assessment module. Compared with the traditional teaching methods, the virtual simulation teaching of building engineering fire protection can break through the teaching time and space limitation, improve the teaching efficiency, let students master the design methods of building engineering fire protection system more systematically, and improve the practical and innovative ability of students. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the fire hazard characteristics and prevention and control countermeasures of new energy vehicle industry in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Yi Lan, Luo Yunqing, Ma Congbo, Zhao Zhijian 2023, 42 (7):  1023-1026.  Abstract ( 306 )    As an emerging industry supported by the Greater Bay Area, the new energy vehicle industry has formed a complete industrial chain of complete vehicles, batteries and other spare parts and fuel filling facilities. Combining the development and construction outline of the Greater Bay Area and the related regional industrial distribution, this paper summarized the fire hazards and prevention and control difficulties which existing in the new energy vehicles, lithium?ion batteries, and charging infrastructure in the construction, production, logistics storage and use of the new energy vehicle industry. And the preventive measures and countermeasures for preventing and controlling fire accidents in the development of the new energy vehicle industry in the Bay Area are put forward. Related Articles | Metrics