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15 January 2023, Volume 42 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Promote the integration of scientific and technological innovation to improve urban fire safety Zhou Tian 2023, 42 (1):  5-8.  Abstract ( 965 )   The safety risks and challenges faced by urban development in terms of "severe fire", "small fire causes great casualties", potential dangers of old buildings, new business risks, etc. were elaborated. The role of scientific and technological innovation in urban fire safety was expounded from the aspects of assisting smart cities, innovating prevention and control technologies, accelerating the tackling of difficult problems, and focusing on emergency rescue. Prospect of innovation and integration development of urban fire safety technology with the help of taking multiple measures to strengthen top- level planning and design, focus on breaking through key and core technologies, and make overall layout for the construction of fire technology innovation platform were put forward. Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of fire heating modes on the combustion and physicochemical properties of fireproof sealant Zhang Jiaqing, Ke Yanguo, Huang Yubiao, Jiang Gonghua 2023, 42 (1):  9-12.  Abstract ( 880 )   In order to study the combustion and physicochemical properties of fireproof sealant in different fire scenarios, according to the standard, power and hydrocarbon fire that may occur in UHV DC converter stations, the effects of three fire heating modes on the combustion process of fireproof sealant were studied. Changes of physicochemical properties at different time after combustion were studied too. The mass loss was paid attention to during the combustion process. The corrosion resistance, water resistance, acid resistance, alkali resistance, oil resistance, humidity and heat resistance and freeze cycle resistance were focused more among all physicochemical properties. Then the effects of three fire heating modes on fireproof sealant were compared. The results show that the early danger of power and hydrocarbon fire is much higher than that of standard fire. After 120 minutes of combustion, the total mass loss rate of fireproof sealant under the three heating modes is basically the same, reaching 85% . After the fire, the water resistance and acid resistance are seriously damaged. Electric fire and hydrocarbon fire have a greater impact on the damp heat resistance and freeze- thaw cycle resistance of fireproof sealant than standard fire. Related Articles | Metrics

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Combustion characteristics of small-scale pool fire under multi-gradient static low pressures Li Cong, Li Binrui , Xu Wenbo, Yang Rui 2023, 42 (1):  13-17.  Abstract ( 886 )   In this paper, the combustion characteristics of small-scale oil pool fire under multi gradient static low pressure are studied by means of field experiment and numerical simulation.The characteristic parameters such as flame height and flame axis temperature of oil pool fire under different fire source diameter and pressure are analyzed. The results show that the flame shape shows the characteristics of decreasing tip width, increasing carbon black particles and weakening flame oscillation frequency with the decrease of ambient air pressure. Under the same air pressure, the average height of flame is positively correlated with the diameter of oil pool; Under the same oil pool diameter, the average flame height has a negative correlation with the pressure. The quantitative function relationship between dimensionless flame height and combustion rate, fire source diameter and ambient air pressure was obtained. The flame axis temperature can be divided into fast rising stage and stable stage.When the oil pool diameter is the same, the peak value of flame axis temperature increases first and then decreases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application research of tunnel fire mobile fan based on experiment and simulation Wang Wantong, Zhao Rongxuan, Guo Zanquan 2023, 42 (1):  18-22.  Abstract ( 751 )   The fire tests under two working conditions were carried out in a 96.0 m×2.0 m×2.5 m tunnel. The calculation method of air volume for longitudinal smoke exhaust of mobile fans was analyzed, and a full- scale model was established by using Pyrosim for numerical simulation verification. The test and simulation data show that the characteristic heights of flue gas layer without longitudinal air supply are 0.60 m and 0.64 m respectively; Under the air supply condition, the outlet air volume of the test fan is 9 798 m3 /h, the calculated air volume of the full-scale model fan is 117 576 m3 /h, and the flue gas countercurrent distance is basically the same, which is 8 m and 6 m respectively, which verifies the correctness of the calculation method. At the same time, this paper also compares the longitudinal gas flow formed by the fan. The results show that the fan has a stronger ability to create longitudinal air flow in the test tunnel. In the process of smoke exhaust training in tunnel fire scene, we can judge whether the training has achieved the expected purpose according to the calculated air volume data. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on discharge pressure of aircraft fire extinguishing pipelines Yuan Changyu, Lu Song, Ma Weitong, Zhang Heping 2023, 42 (1):  23-28.  Abstract ( 752 )   The temperature and pressure changes of nitrogenfire extinguishing agent two- phase transient flow under different discharge pressures were obtained by setting up a fixed pipeline agent discharge and flow experimental device. The spraying process, pressure behavior, and thermal properties of Halon 1301 were analyzed. In the agent discharge process, the following pressure behaviors occur in sequence A: The flow front moves to the nozzle. B-C: The phenomenon of nitrogen degassing and nucleation occurs in the metastable extinguishing agent. D: Halon 1301 is sprayed from the nozzle with a mixture of nitrogen. E: Liquid Halon 1301 is drained from the fire extinguisher. F: Gas phase Halon 1301 moves with nitrogen mixture to the nozzle. G: The flow state of the mixture at the nozzle reaches critical flow. The discharge pressure has little effect on the dimensionless pressure of pressure behavior and thermal properties in the nozzle except for nitrogen degassing and nucleation. In the liquid holdup phase, the A, D, E, and F pressure behavior's dimensionless pressure are not related to the discharge pressure but only to the experimental conditions. The density of Halon 1301 at the nozzle fluctuates between 1 660 kg/m3 and 1 800 kg/m3 , while the superheat remains between -18 ℃ and - 23 ℃. Discharge pressure mainly affects the occurrence time of pressure behavior, and there is an exponential change law between them. Therefore, increasing discharge pressure can effectively shorten the discharge time. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on flame merging characteristics of double fires attached to wall in a naturally ventilated tunnel Peng Wei, Liu Xianhao, Zhang Shaojie, Ke Chen 2023, 42 (1):  29-33.  Abstract ( 747 )   Due to the particularity of double fires attached to the tunnel wall, its flame characteristics are quite different from those in open space or no wall attached fires. A series of experiments were carried out in the naturally ventilated rectangular reduced size tunnel model. It is shown that with the increasing of fires spacing s, the flame height Hf first increases slightly, then decreases continuously, and remains stable finally. Under the same fire source size, double fires attached to the wall is 1.2 ~1.4 times the flame height of single fire attached to the wall. Under the same conditions, due to the limited entrainment of flame plume when attached to the wall, the flame height of double fires is 15% ~ 17% higher than that at tunnel central axis. The maximum flame height of fires attached to the wall is higher than that at tunnel central axis or open space. Based on air entrainment theory, the empirical formula for calculating the merged flame height Hf is established, which shows that Hf gets the minimum value when the dimensionless spacing is 1.8D. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and performance research of porous grouting-based materials for tunnel fire protection Yang Niandong , Liu Sheng , Xu Tianyong , Chen Daiguo 2023, 42 (1):  34-37.  Abstract ( 673 )   In this paper, the porous polyurethane grouting material was prepared by solution blending method. The nano- SiO2 was used as the reinforcing phase to study the structure, morphology, mechanical properties, flame retardancy and thermal conductivity of the modified porous grouting- based material. The results show that: After the nano-SiO2 doping, it is bonded with the polyurethane matrix, which enhances the pore wall strength of the porous grouting material, makes the morphological structure more complete, and improves the tensile strength and viscosity of the porous grouting material. The increase of the amount shows a trend of first increase and then decrease. The tensile strength and viscosity of the porous grouting material with nano-SiO2 doping content of 0.8% both reach the maximum value. With the increase of nano-SiO2 doping content, the maximum heat storage temperature of porous grouting material first decreased and then increased, the cooling rate increased first and then decreased, and the thermal conductivity continued to increase. The flame retardant test shows that the vertical burning time of the 0.8% nano- SiO2 doped grouting material is the shortest 20.8 s, and the flame retardant performance is the best. From the perspective of various properties, the optimal doping amount of nano-SiO2 is 0.8%. Under this doping ratio, the maximum heat storage temperature of the porous grouting-based material is 143 ℃, the cooling rate is 1.75 ℃/min, and the thermal conductivity is 0.368 W/（m · K）, the vertical burning time is 20.8 s, and it has broad application prospects in tunnel fire protection applications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Full-scale experimental study on fire characteristics and fire-fighting performance of an electric vehicle Zhu Nannan, Wang Xuehui, Yu Jialing, Wang Jian 2023, 42 (1):  38-41.  Abstract ( 928 )   In order to understand electric vehicles fires deeply, the full-scale combustion experiment of the electric vehicle was conducted by the thermal runaway of the power batteries. The combustion and spread characteristics, temperature outside the vehicle and radiant heat caused by the thermal runaway of power batteries were studied. The results showed that at the initial stage of combustion, the jet fire generated by the battery pack can reach about 2.6 m. In the experiment, the temperature curve outside the vehicles was consistent with the change law of the radiant heat curve and two peaks occurred, and the maximum heat flux outside the vehicle was 4.878 kW/m2 . The electric vehicle fire is suppressed at the initial stage by a fire blanket. The compressed air foam is more effective in extinguishing fires than the fine water spray. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on real-time detection algorithm of ship fire based on lightweight CNN Liu Yichen , Zhang Bin , Wang Xueqi , Tong Jiapeng 2023, 42 (1):  42-46.  Abstract ( 777 )   For the actual engineering requirements of fast, accurate and real-time detection of ship fire, a lightweight and highprecision SG-YOLO algorithm based on improved YOLOv5s is proposed. The GhostNet convolution structure fused with the parameter- free attention mechanism is used to achieve algorithm lightweight, the 2D attention mechanism and the bi- directional feature pyramid network are introduced to enhance the feature extraction ability of flame, and solve the problems of dense and small flames and imprecise position of target frame. In the self built fire set comparison experiment, compared with YOLOv5s 6.0, the model parameters is reduced by 46.2% , the detection speed is improved by 38.7%, reaching 86 f/s, and the detection accuracy is improved by 0.9%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the influence of distance between two fire sources and aspect ratio on ground temperature profile Zhou Jin 2023, 42 (1):  47-50.  Abstract ( 749 )   The influence of distance between two fire sources, aspect ratios and hear release rates on the temperature distribution on the centerline of the two fire sources were experimentally studied. Propane burners were used to simulate the fire sources. The distances between two fire sources were 0.2 m, 0.4 m and 0.6 m, and the aspect ratio of fire sources were 1, 3 and 6. The results show that the longitudinal temperature profile on the ground centerline induced by two fire sources decreases exponentially. When other conditions are the same, with the increase of distance of fire sources, the temperature at the same position on the centerline near the fire source decreases gradually, while the temperature at the same position on far field of fire source is basically unchanged. The effect of aspect ratio of fire source on the temperature on the centerline of two fire sources is not monotonous. Based on the dimensional analysis method, an empirical correlation on the centerline temperature profile which relates to fire source spacing, aspect ratio and heat release rate is established. Predictions the proposed correlation agree reasonably with experimental data. Related Articles | Metrics

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Innovation and practice of building fire protection design Ni Zhaopeng 2023, 42 (1):  51-54.  Abstract ( 910 )   The emergence of multi- functional, large- scale and novel building projects has put forward higher requirements for building fire protection design. Building fire protection design should innovate ideas on the premise of ensuring safety, and achieve the goals, functions and performance requirements specified in the standard. Discusses the demand for innovation in building fire protection design, and puts forward that innovation in building fire protection design should be based on concept innovation, consider technical innovation from the overall fortification degree of buildings, adhere to the bottom line of fire safety, pay attention to the application of new methods and new technologies, and finally analyze the application of building fire protection design innovation in practical projects in combination with indoor evacuation safety areas, urban corridors, sinking squares, etc.. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire safety resilience evaluation and improvement strategy of old industrial plants Wu Qian, Li Yufei, Liu Jia'nan 2023, 42 (1):  55-58.  Abstract ( 765 )   In order to evaluate the fire safety resilience level of the old industrial building reconstruction project, analyze the existing safety risks such as inadequate building fire performance, old fire control system, aging pipeline equipment and so on, the fire safety resilience index system was constructed from the four characteristic elements of resilience: robustness, redundancy, intelligence and efficiency, and the fire safety resilience evaluation model based on entropy weight method- extension cloud was established to quantify the influence degree of each index and classify grades. Taking an Xi'an textile factory reconstruction project as an example, the paper analyzes the weak links of fire safety and puts forward reasonable resilience improvement strategies, which provides reference for fire safety optimization of such projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Temperature characteristics investigation of actual room fire with typical design scenarios Yin Liang, Song Wenqi, Wu Xian, Fan Yakun 2023, 42 (1):  59-63.  Abstract ( 747 )   Real room fires may not all lead to flashover. This paper takes room set fire scenarios of soft package KTV and city apartment in Shandong Province's fire investigation job practical competition in 2021, which were in accordance with the real reproduction, as the object, collected and analyzed the temperature field and video data during the burning process. The study found that: the room fire had a window of escape time only about 90 s; The restrained concrete beams of the room showed an upward arching pattern after the fire; Non flashover room showed travelling fire state, temperature development went up and down, and heavy smoke was produced; Temperature field data can be used as a supplement to video evidence to assist in fire location and fire travelling path identification. Related Articles | Metrics

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An intelligent aided code compliance checking approach for passive fire protection based on BIM and ontology Wang Chaoyu, Jiang Liu , Pan Zeyu , Shi Jianyong 2023, 42 (1):  64-68.  Abstract ( 717 )   Building fire protection compliance checking is an important part of building safety design process. In order to improve the automation of code compliance checking process, a BIM and ontology- based automated code compliance checking approach is proposed according to GB 50016- 2014(2018 Edition), Code for fire protection design of buildings. The building passive fire protection design ontology is constructed based on the analysis of fire protection codes. Basic information is retrieved from BIM models based on IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) data framework, and extra information is supplied through semantic enhancement, analysis of space topology and generation of evacuation distance. Code clauses are interpreted into semantic rules for checking process based on ontology reasoning technology. Finally, a building is taken as an example to verify the feasibility of the proposed BIM and ontology- based automatic checking method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evacuation route planning for traditional village buildings under fire Cao Siqi, Sun Yumei, Song Zhigang, Zhang Jian 2023, 42 (1):  69-74.  Abstract ( 782 )   The traditional village buildings are prone to fire and death, so it is important to determine a reasonable evacuation path to improve evacuation efficiency and ensure personnel safety. Based on the above problems, this paper establishes the optimal evacuation route planning method considering the impact of road terrain, crowd gathering and fire heat radiation on the evacuation environment based on the shortest path algorithm. This method establishes fire scenarios based on FDS, determines the value of each evacuation environment influencing factor and obtains the equivalent length weighting matrix of roads under fire conditions, and uses Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the optimal evacuation path under fire scenarios. Combined with a village, calculate the best evacuation path of each building in the building group under fire, propose improvement suggestions for the path with long equivalent length, and use evacuation simulation software to analyze and verify the evacuation effect of the modified path, and finally obtain the best evacuation path of all buildings. The results show that the method accords with the actual evacuation road situation, and can effectively determine the best evacuation route of traditional village buildings under fire. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on fire protection design of air-supported membrane roof Xie Tianguang , Lu Shichang , Huang Yiliang 2023, 42 (1):  75-78.  Abstract ( 681 )   According to the air- supported membrane forming principle and fire risk，taking an air-supported membrane building as an example, in view of the technical difficulties in the practical application of PVC air-supported membrane structure, the structural response analysis under fire condition was carried out to calculate the membrane surface stress and maximum displacement under different scenarios. Based on the membrane combustion experiment, the most unfavorable fire scenario is designed. Calculate the maximum temperature near the membrane structure, put forward the fire protection design scheme and verify the feasibility of the scheme. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the inhibition effect of additive water mist on the thermal runaway of aged lithium-ion batteries Li Lixia, Zhang Bo, Sun Zhihao, Chen Mingyi 2023, 42 (1):  79-83.  Abstract ( 739 )   Taking 18650 lithium- ion battery as the object, the batteries thermal runaway and inhibition effects of additive water mist on battery thermal runaway were studied. The results show that the more the battery cycles, the shorter the trigger time of thermal runaway; Under the experimental conditions, the starting temperature of battery thermal runaway is about 250 ℃, and the duration of battery thermal runaway is the longest after 20 cycles. Different pressure water mist has obvious inhibitory effect on battery thermal runaway, among which 0.25 MPa pressure water mist has the best inhibitory effect. The addition of 1.0% sodium chloride, 1.5% SDBS and 0.5% protein can not only enhance the inhibition of water mist on the flame of battery, but also improve the inhibition of water mist on the surface temperature of thermal runaway battery to a certain extent. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on the influence of nozzle structure on the fire suppression effectiveness of superfine powder Zhong Kaifeng , Huang Xin , Fu Zhenqiang , Wan Yange 2023, 42 (1):  84-88.  Abstract ( 711 )   In order to study the fire suppression effectiveness of the ammonium phosphate superfine powder with different kinds of nozzles, a 3 m×3 m×4 m experimental platform was set up according to the standard. One oil pool and three small tanks filled with n-heptane were used as the fire sources, and the total flooding fire extinguishing experiment was carried out under different nozzle configurations. The fire extinguishing time, flame temperature and smoke component concentration changes during the fire extinguishing process were measured, and the influence of the ultra- fine dry powder nozzle structure on the fire extinguishing effectiveness was analyzed and compared. The experimental results show that the single-orifice nozzles fail to extinguish the flame in the upper part of the space, and the multiorifices nozzles are difficult to extinguish the flame between the powder jet. The sprinkler nozzle has the best total flooding fire extinguishing effectiveness due to the best uniformly distribution of the powder. The flame temperatures drop rapidly after spraying powder in all experiments. However, the pool fire temperatures rise again and remain at a temperature slightly below the normal combustion state for multi-orifices nozzles and insufficient powder extinguishing agent conditions. The concentrations of O2 and CO in space depends mainly on the fire extinguishing time of the pool fire. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the application of laser cutting technology in fire rescue and demolition Zheng Wei , Xu Fang, Zhang Yanan , Guo Pengju 2023, 42 (1):  89-93.  Abstract ( 996 )   This paper introduces the problems existing in the practical application of common rescue and demolition equipment, analyzes the principle and scope of application of laser cutting, discusses the key technology of laser demolition equipment, develops the prototype of laser demolition equipment, and carries out the performance test experiment of laser demolition equipment. The experimental results show that the laser output power of the laser demolition equipment can reach 1.5 kW, the central wavelength of the output laser is 1 080 nm, the beam quality factor M 2 =1.17; The best operating distance of the equipment is 50 ~ 80 cm, which can realize the efficient cutting of broken objects with different materials and thicknesses; The cooling system can effectively control the temperature of the laser host; The battery power supply system can ensure the continuous and stable operation of the equipment for 1 h; The control management system can monitor equipment operation status in real time to ensure equipment management controllability and operation safety. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of vital sign simulation system for radar life detector Zhang Lei, Pu Xiaohai 2023, 42 (1):  94-97.  Abstract ( 736 )   According to the application requirements of radar life detector calibration test and practical training, this paper studies the vital sign simulation device for radar life detector. The device realizes the simulation of breathing and heartbeat movement of buried pressure personnel at different stages, and has real human chest curve and anatomical marks. It can not only meet the accurate and rapid test requirements of the laboratory, but also adapt to the complex and harsh ruins drill site. Through the development of this simulation system, it provides a test object to help the existing radar life detector improving the accuracy of weak vital signs signal detection, and also provides technical support for the fire brigade to effectively carry out the search and rescue training exercise of personnel in buried pressure. Related Articles | Metrics

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The efficiency monitoring system for hydraulic rescue equipment based on LoRa technology Zhao Lanying 2023, 42 (1):  98-102.  Abstract ( 689 )   The online pressure monitoring system is proposed based on LoRa technology for the efficiency detection of hydraulic rescue equipment to solve the shortage during delivery test. The strain gauge pressure sensors were placed to collect the output force of the equipment. LoRa and Wi-Fi were applied on the sink-node for the transmission of the force data between the acquisition node and the processing platform. LabVIEW software was used to analyze and display the pressure data synchronous, thus the online monitoring was realized while the efficiency was judged through the comparison of the display data. The experimental results show that the system can obtain curves indicating pressure changes, thus periodic analysis such as year- on- year for equipment and horizontal contrast for different equipment of same kinds which is beneficial for the full life efficiency management of the hydraulic rescue equipment Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on fire detection based on BSO-ELM Han Lei, Qu Na, Sui Yufan, Tan Lili 2023, 42 (1):  103-106.  Abstract ( 719 )   As a global catastrophic event, the smoke and flame produced in a short time can cause serious losses to people's lives and property. Aiming at the high false alarm rate and missing alarm rate of fire detection, a new fire detection algorithm using the BSO to optimize the ELM is proposed, which optimizes the ability of the limit learning machine to find the optimal weight and threshold, and improves the generalization ability and accuracy of the limit learning machine. The PyroSim software is used to simulate, generate sample data, train the BSOELM, and verify the superiority of the algorithm by comparing it with the ELM and the PSO-ELM. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effects of bromine flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of polystyrene foam Wang Junsheng, Liu Dan, Zhao Jing, Lin Guide 2023, 42 (1):  107-110.  Abstract ( 749 )   Focusing on the replacement of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) for flame retardants of polystyrene foam thermal insulation materials, the thermal stability of tetrabromobisphenol A bis(dibromomethylpropyl ether) (801), brominated styrene butadiene copolymer (PFR) and HBCD were studied by simultaneous thermal analyzer. The effects of the above flame retardants on the thermal stability, flame retardancy and combustion properties of extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) and expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) were systematically studied by simultaneous thermal analyzer, limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter. The results show that the initial thermal decomposition temperature of the flame retardants are almost the same, the maximum thermal weight loss rate of HBCD is the largest, and the thermal stability of 801 and PFR is better than that of HBCD. The thermal stability of EPS and XPS decrease with the loading of the flame retardants, the reduction of the initial thermal decomposition temperature of XPS with HBCD is obvious. The flame retarded XPS and EPS with the flame retardants show good flame retardancy, and limiting oxygen index values of the samples are above 30.0. Comparison of the flame retardants, there is few different effects on the combustion properties of XPS , there are some effects on the combustion properties of EPS, the total heat release and total smoke generation of EPS are improved obviously by 801, and the peak value of heat release rate and CO2 production of EPS decrease significantly by PFR. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on compressed air foam for extinguishing lithium-ion battery fire and its anti-reignition performance Wang Jingxuan, Zhao Yanqing 2023, 42 (1):  111-114.  Abstract ( 767 )   The compressed air foam was used as the fire extinguishing agent to carry out experiments. Through theoretical analysis and physical fire tests, the extinguishment and anti reburning properties of compressed air foam for fighting lithiumion battery fires were studied. The test results show that the compressed air foam can quickly extinguish the lithium-ion battery fire, keep the temperature down, and absorb the combustible gas. Long term immersion in the wrapped lithium- ion battery can effectively resist the re ignition. The results of shortterm and long- term are analyzed and compared, and the longterm effective length of time can reach more than 48 h. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the evolution characteristics and laws of forest fires in Yunnan Province under the background of climate change Ma Zenan , Gao Zhongliang , Wang Hechenyang , Yang Hongyan 2023, 42 (1):  115-119.  Abstract ( 735 )   Under the background of global warming, forest fires occur frequently. It is conducive to forest fire prevention and control. The frequency of forest fires, burned area and extreme weather events from 1980 to 2020 in Yunnan Province were selected to analyze the occurrence law of forest fires, the differences between extreme weather years and between groups of forest fires and ordinary years. The forest fire situation was classified by cluster analysis, and the transfer law of each grade and predict the probability of different grades in 2023- 2027 was used by Markov chain. The results show that the correlation coefficient between fire number and fire area is 0.931. The breakpoints of the time series of fire number are 1989 and 2012. There was a significant difference in fire number between El Nino and La Nina years from 1980 to 1989 (Sig. <0.05), but there was no significant difference in fires area (Sig. >0.05). There was a significant difference in fire number and fires area between 1990 and 2012 (Sig. <0.05). There was no significant difference in other cases (Sig. >0.05). The forest fire situation was divided into five levels as level I (mild), level II (general), level III (moderate), level IV (height) and level V (extreme height) by K-cluster. The probability of level I~II mutual transfer accounts about 78% of all transfer events, and I~III mutual transfer is higher than 90%. From 2023 to 2027, the probability of forest fire situation grade I~V in Yunnan Province is between 0.683~0.702, 0.251~0.253, 0.036~0.048, 0.003~0.006 and 0.007~0.012 respectively. The forest fire situation in Yunnan Province will be generally stable in the next five years. The probability of grade I~II is higher than 93%, and grade IV~V is lower than 2% .This conclusion can provide theoretical support for forest fire management and prevention under climate change. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the combustibility of main tree species in typical desert steppe of Inner Mongolia Zhang Yichao , Zhou Mei , Shu Yang , Chen Jiajia 2023, 42 (1):  120-124.  Abstract ( 727 )   The occurrence frequency of forest fires in China is high, causing great losses and serious damage to the forest ecosystem，especially for the Qahar Youyi Qianqi, the vegetation coverage rate is low, the fire loss is large, and it is difficult to recover. Therefore, it is of great significance to screen out local fire- resistant tree species for forest protection and forest grassland fire prevention in this region. Field investigation and laboratory test were carried out to measure and analyze the fuel moisture content, calorific value, crude fat content and ash content of litter layer and humus layer in different parts of trees and shrubs in the study area. Principal component analysis and ranking of physical and chemical property indexes were conducted by using SPSS 23.0 and Origin 2021 software. The combustibility of 7 typical tree species in this region from small to large is: Populus davidiana Dode, Ulmus pumila L., Ostryopsis davidiana Decaisne, Caragana korshinskii Kom., Spiraea salicifolia L., Prunus pedunculata Pall., Pinus tabuliformis Carriere. It can be divided into three grades：strong fire resistant tree species（Populus davidiana Dode, Ulmus pumila L., Ostryopsis davidiana Decaisne.），fire resistant tree species: Caragana korshinskii Kom.; Weak fire- resistant tree species（Spiraeasa licifolia L., Prunuspedunculata Pall., Pinus tabuliformis Carriere）. The Populus davidiana Dode forest in this area is the most prone to fire, and as Populus davidiana Dode is the main afforestation species in this area, therefore, afforestation should be appropriate with strong fire resistance of tree species, artificial intervention to prevent the occurrence of fire. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the construction of joint service, joint commissioning, joint training and joint warfare mechanism of fire rescue teams An Chunhui 2023, 42 (1):  125-128.  Abstract ( 1211 )   Since the reform and restructuring, the responsibility and mission of the fire rescue team of "all kinds of disasters, big emergency" has increasingly highlighted the importance of coordinated operations of multiple forces. At present, in handling various accidents, the fire rescue team still has the problems of difficult linkage between industry departments and units, difficult coordination of various forms of emergency rescue forces, inefficient linkage information transmission, and difficult operation of joint service, joint commissioning, joint training and joint battle mechanism. This paper analyzes the existing problems and causes of the current work, and proposes five solutions: deep integration of emergency management and fire rescue, joint management of various forms of emergency rescue forces, joint service, joint commissioning, joint training and joint operation mechanism, integration and construction of efficient joint command platform, scientific construction of joint service and joint quality and efficiency promotion system, and explore the establishment of joint commissioning and joint battle command system from connectivity, resource sharing and team coordination. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the joint training mode in air rescue based on an interdisciplinary background Qi Fangzhong, Zhang Lu, Huang Yu 2023, 42 (1):  129-132.  Abstract ( 747 )   China fire and rescue has outstanding problems such as shortage of supply of air rescue personnel, shortage of quantity, and equipment. In order to solve these problems, China Fire and Rescue Institute and Civil Aviation Flight University of China have jointly launched two joint bachelor's degree training programs, "Fire Command + Flight Technology" and "Aircraft Control and Information Engineering + Aerospace Engineering". Through the "1.5+2+0.5" model, we will carry out innovative practice in the training of air rescue talents under the interdisciplinary, and cultivate compound talents who understand both command and technology, and provide a certain reference for the cultivation of compound talents in the new era. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on site selection of urban water fire station along the river Jiang Xuepeng , Wang Meina , Jia Xudong , Wang Yong 2023, 42 (1):  133-136.  Abstract ( 728 )   The construction of water fire station is an important part of the 14th Five-Year Plan of fire protection. Taking E City, a city along the Yangtze River in Hubei Province as the research object, by analyzing the rescue needs of the Yangtze River waters and the location characteristics of water fire stations along the Yangtze River, the problem is simplified as the site selection of point facilities that provide services to the linear demand object. Combined with economic factors, the minimum cost model under full coverage is constructed. Using the optimization modeling software Lingo, the mathematical language of the model is transformed into Lingo software language, which provides a solution method for the location model. The results show that the minimum cost model under full coverage combined with Lingo software can provide the optimal location scheme for the location of water fire stations along the river. The construction of three water fire stations along the Yangtze River in E City can meet the needs of water fire rescue. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and typical case analysis of fire ventilation tactics in fire scene Huang Dongfang , Huang Luyang , Jin Qingsheng 2023, 42 (1):  137-141.  Abstract ( 760 )   As one of the important methods of fire fighting tactics, fire smoke ventilation is of great significance for the safe evacuation of personnel and the internal attack rescue of firefighters. This paper summarizes the research status of smoke ventilation tactics in China and other countries and surveys the domestic fire rescue personnel with questionnaires. It is found that the application proportion of smoke ventilation tactics in China is not high, and the commanders and soldiers do not understand smoke ventilation tactics is the main reason restricting their use. Through the investigation of underground and tunnel fire smoke ventilation methods and combined with typical cases, four enlightenments are drawn: The essence of smoke ventilation at fire sites is the reasonable control of fire smoke. Smoke ventilation at the fire site should be coordinated with fire fighting, search and rescue and personnel evacuation. Unreasonable smoke ventilation will have an adverse impact on rescue personnel. For tunnel and underground building fires, attention should be paid to the combination of fixed smoke ventilation facilities and mobile smoke ventilation equipment. Good smoke ventilation is often a combination of various smoke ventilation methods. It is necessary to scientifically plan the smoke flow path and reasonably formulate smoke ventilation tactics in combination with the terrain, weather and other conditions of the fire site. The research results can provide a reference for fire fighters to formulate fire fighting and smoke ventilation tactics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire accident investigation and countermeasures of energy storage system Meng Qinggeng 2023, 42 (1):  142-144.  Abstract ( 780 )   Fire accident situation of energy storage system in China and other countries was summarized. Taking the fire and re-ignition accident of an energy storage system during the destructive testing process as an example, the fire investigation basic method and matter needing attention were introduced, including fully understanding electrochemical energy storage system, paying attention to the safety protect during the investigation and preventing sudden re -ignition and explosion. Countermeasures were put forward in points of product safety analysis and fire investigation, energy storage product test, etc.. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis of a fire in a wine workshop transformed from a civil building Li Pengzhi 2023, 42 (1):  145-148.  Abstract ( 696 )   This paper analyzed the investigation process of a fire in a liquor workshop which belongs to the situation of the civil buildings transformed into productive buildings. The report emphatically illustrated how investigators had determined the cause under circumstances of the interest between witnesses, the inconsistency in testimony, the difficulty of field- trace analysis, and the absence of critical trace evidence. The videosurvey technique was implemented to make a breakthrough. The angle of light was measured to determine the ignition spot. Simulation tests were conducted to invert the origin of the fire, and similar equipment was investigated to improve the evidence chain. Eventually, the cause of the fire was accurately determined. The investigation process makes an in-depth analysis of the inducing factors, forming origin and spreading reasons for this kind of fire, and provides clear ideas and suggestions for a similar case. Related Articles | Metrics