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15 September 2022, Volume 41 Issue 9 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Numerical study on spontaneous ignition of high pressure hydrogen gas by tube inner diameter and wall temperature Xu Tingting, Zhu Guoqing, Chen Fanbao 2022, 41 (9):  1173-1177.  Abstract ( 1333 )   Hydrogen leakage in high pressure storage is easy to lead to spontaneous combustion. In order to explore the factors affecting the spontaneous combustion of hydrogen, the spontaneous combustion process of pressurized hydrogen in different pipe wall temperature and pipe diameter was simulated by using Realizable model, EDC model and 21-step hydrogen/air chemical reaction mechanism. The results show that the decrease of pipe wall temperature can significantly reduce the possibility of hydrogen spontaneous combustion. When the conveying pressure is less than 8 MPa, the increase of pipe inner diameter is not conducive to hydrogen ignition and spontaneous ignition. When the conveying pressure is too large (10 MPa), the increase of pipe inner diameter provides more space for expansion and diffusion of hydrogen jet, which is conducive to the formation of hydrogen/air mixture and promotes hydrogen spontaneous ignition. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the influence of microgravity environment on the morphological characteristics of laminar jet diffusion flames Zhang Dan, Yuan Junji, Yao Haowei, Li Sen, 2022, 41 (9):  1178-1182.  Abstract ( 1101 )   Research on the influence of microgravity environment on the morphological characteristics of laminar jet diffusion flames, can provide theoretical support for fire detection in aerospace research. Firstly, the controllable laminar jet diffusion flames were selected to analyze the characteristics of flame soot and the influence of flame soot on the flame temperature and thermal radiation. Secondly, the microgravity experiment was conducted in the drop tower facility of the National Microgravity Laboratory of China to obtain microgravity level of 10-2 ~10-3 g. The experimental results showed that flame brightness increased with coflow velocity increasing, the flame radiation fraction decreased with coflow velocity increasing, and as the flame temperature increased, the high temperature zone in the flame was located on the two wings of the flame. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the influence of oil generator fire on adjacent equipment of offshore fixed platform Wang Honghong, Cao Yang 2022, 41 (9):  1183-1187.  Abstract ( 1066 )   The high temperature and thermal radiation generated by fire accident on offshore platforms will have an adverse impact on adjacent equipment and facilities. Based on a crude oil generator fire accident on an offshore platform, this paper numerically simulated the fire process by using KFX software, and studied the variation characteristics of temperature, heat radiation and other parameters near the key components of steel support and oil inlet hose. Based on the temperature criterion and thermal radiation criterion, the time point and duration parameters at the critical point of temperature and thermal radiation flux were studied. It is found that the surface temperature of adjacent steel supports 2 and 3 is more than 1 600 ℃, the heat radiation flux is more than 25 kW / m2, the duration is long, the conditions of deformation and damage are reached, and the long release time of fire-fighting substances cause great impact. The heat radiation intensity at oil inlet hose C exceeds 15 kW / m2, reaching its melting failure condition. The main impact factor is that the response time of fire and gas probe is too long. The research results can provide reference for post disaster support component strength verification, response time design of fine and gas system and so on. Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of relative wind speed on the smoke flow and temperature distribution in high-speed railway carriage fire Fan Dingding, Niu Guoqing, Li Zhi, Jia Qiang 2022, 41 (9):  1188-1193.  Abstract ( 1126 )   In order to explore the influence of relative wind speed on the smoke flow and temperature distribution of high-speed train carriage fire, PyroSim was used to establish a numerical calculation model for fire of a certain type of second-class carriage of China Renaissance. Under the condition of closing the outer doors 3 min after the fire, the influence of the ruptured states of the windows and different relative wind speeds on the smoke flow and temperature distribution of carriage fire was studied, and the safety of the train operation on viaduct under the fire was evaluated. The results show that: for the case of artificially smashing the emergency escape windows, the unilateral opening or the convection opening has no obvious effect on the overall temperature inside the passenger carriage. In the early stage of the fire, the fire mainly spreads to the ruptured side of the escape windows. As the relative wind speed increases, the temperature of carriage aisle decreases, and the time of the smoke reaching the end door of the passenger carriage on both sides increases. In the early stage of the fire, the increase of relative wind speed has more obvious effects on the cooling and smoke exhaust through the platforms on both sides, reducing the scope of the dangerous zone. A small area near the fire source before 50 s is a light-hazard area, roughly (-2, 2) m. The carriage aisle is mostly in the safe area, and the period before 50 s is the best time period for people to escape. Considering the personnel evacuation and the spread of fire, it is proposed that the safe operating speed of the train after a fire is 40 km/h. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of aging on the flame retardant and smoke suppression performance of base asphalt Huang Yadong, Ma Jie, Jiang Haojia, Qin Xuewei 2022, 41 (9):  1194-1198.  Abstract ( 1042 )   In order to explore the change laws of the flame retardant and smoke suppression performance of asphalt after aging under different conditions, a rotating film oven (RTFOT) was used to perform 85 min short-term aging, 270 min long-term aging and damp heat aging on the base asphalt. Limiting oxygen index test (LOI) and cone calorimetry test were used to study the fire safety performance of aged asphalt, combining with infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) was used to analyze the change laws of asphalt components and gaseous product release. The test results show that the base asphalt have lightweight component reduction and heavy component increase after thermal oxidative aging, which leads to an increase in the LOI, while the hot and humid aged asphalt decreases the LOI of asphalt due to the partial pressure of water vapor. In terms of heat release, the peak heat release rate of asphalt combustion decreases after thermal oxygen aging, and the peak corresponding time advances, and the effective heat combustion decreases; while the heat release rate remains basically unchanged after damp heat aging. In terms of gaseous products release, after thermal oxidative aging, the release of soot, CO, and CO2 from asphalt combustion is lower, and the release of SO2 increases; after damp heat aging, the release of soot, CO and CO2 does not change much, but the release of SO2 increases significantly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Test and monitoring research on smoke spread caused by fire in pumped storage power station Luo Tao, Wang Jikang , Wang Xingguo, Gao Junbo 2022, 41 (9):  1199-1204.  Abstract ( 1084 )   In this study, a large-scale pumped-storage power plant underground powerhouse was used as the research object. A full-scale fire test under natural ventilation conditions was carried out, and the overall temperature distribution was measured through distributed temperature measuring cables. According to the measured data, the law of flue gas temperature change over time, the highest temperature distribution in the upper and lower spaces, and the flue gas stratification are obtained. The test results show that the temperature rise of the upper smoke layer relative to the environment in the fire section is 1.7, 2.3 and 3.8 ℃ respectively under 4, 6 and 10 fuel pans to simulate fire conditions. The temperature 3.5 m above the ground in the lower space of the plant is 7.6, 10.8 and 13.0 ℃ respectively. Due to the continuous heat loss to the surrounding environment, the highest temperature in the smoke layer attenuates along with the longitudinal spread of the smoke, and the attenuation trend is slowed down or reversed in front of the end wall due to the enhanced accumulation of smoke and heat. The smoke stratification in large underground powerhouses is obvious, and the interface between the flue gas layer and the fresh air drops between 20~30 m. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on temperature distribution and flame angle of heavy naphtha combustion in tunnel under longitudinal ventilation Liu Jun, Shi Yanyan 2022, 41 (9):  1205-1208.  Abstract ( 1018 )   Experimental study of heavy naphtha combustion in tunnel under longitudinal ventilation was carried out in 1:10 reduced size tunnel model considering different fire heat release rates and longitudinal ventilation velocities. The longitudinal temperature distribution under the tunnel ceiling was measured, and the inclination angle of the flame was quantified. The results show that with the increase of longitudinal ventilation velocity, the temperature in the tunnel decreases as a whole, and the maximum temperature under the ceiling decreases gradually. Then an estimation model of the maximum temperature under the ceiling during heavy naphtha combustion in the tunnel under longitudinal ventilation is proposed. The inclination angle of flame increases with the increase of longitudinal ventilation velocity. When the longitudinal wind velocity is low (less than 1 m/s), the flame inclination angle increases obviously with the increase of longitudinal ventilation velocity. When the longitudinal wind velocity is faster (more than 1 m/s), the influence of the longitudinal ventilation velocity on the flame inclination angle is not obvious. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on the effect of electrolyte flame retardant additives on the nail penetration safety of lithium-ion battery Yu Jihang, Zhou Peijun, Jiang Yangsheng 2022, 41 (9):  1209-1212.  Abstract ( 1101 )   The changes of battery voltage and temperature during nail penetration test are investigated by using the battery with NCM material and with NCM and LFP mixed material as the positive electrode. It is found that the vent temperature of NCM battery was 744.8 ℃, and the vent temperature of NCM and LFP mixed material battery was 380.3 ℃. The changes of voltage and temperature of battery with electrolyte flame retardant additives. during nail penetration test are studied after adding flame retardant additives, the vent temperature of NCM battery is 618.7 ℃, which dropped by 126.1 ℃ comparing with batteries without flame retardant additives; the vent temperature of NCM and LFP mixed material battery is 277.6 ℃, which dropped by 102.7 ℃ comparing with batteries without flame retardant additives, indicating that the flame retardant additive can significantly inhibit the thermal runaway of the battery and significantly improve the safety of battery during nail penetration. Related Articles | Metrics

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An efficient evaluation method for dynamic response of steel column under blast loadings Chen Ye, Li Yi, Cui Jian 2022, 41 (9):  1213-1216.  Abstract ( 1042 )   In order to calculate the dynamic response of steel columns under blast loadings efficiently, methods are proposed for different blast loadings. For the impulsive blast loading, an upper bound approach is introduced into the equivalent single-degree-freedom system to calculate the local and global responses; for the quasi-static blast loading, the equivalent single-degree-freedom method can be directly used to determine the global response; for the dynamic blast loading, a pressure-impulse diagram is established by using indices of local and global deformations to determine the dynamic responses of steel columns. The results show that the proposed method gives reliable predictions, and can be applied to the efficient evaluation of dynamic responses of steel columns under blast loadings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of symmetrical obstacles on pedestrian arches at bottlenecks An Xu, Yuan Baoming, Chen Guofang, 2022, 41 (9):  1217-1222.  Abstract ( 1041 )   In order to solve the bottleneck effect at the exit of the building under panic, the Pathfinder simulation software was used to propose a method based on regulating the structural effects from the civil engineering. The symmetrical obstacle is compared with the anti slide pile to study the position change of the adjustable arch shape of the obstacle, and to solve the bottleneck effect at the exit. The physical models under different scenarios were simulated. The effects of the spacing between obstacles and exit and obstacle shape on evacuation performance were analyzed by time quantitative comparison of three sets of experiments. Combined with pedestrian path diagram and cross-sectional density distribution, the mechanism of failure of pedestrian arch caused by symmetric obstacles was analyzed. The results show that the set of symmetrical obstacle at the building exit to adjust the position of the arched structure can separate the interior space of the arch effectively, and reduce the high-density region, form the protection space, thereby improve the evacuation efficiency of the pedestrian effectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study on collaborative smokeexhaust schemes of "rail top exhaust hot airduct" and "smoke exhaust duct" in metrostation fire Liu Yusheng 2022, 41 (9):  1223-1227.  Abstract ( 1151 )   Through the method of measurement and simulation, two collaborative smoke exhaust schemes of "rail top exhaust hot air duct" and "smoke exhaust duct", are studied and compared. The results show that, the schemes of "rail top exhaust hot air duct" is effective. In the study of 8A station, the side smoke exhaust flow accounts for more than 50% of the total smoke exhaust flow, and the air leakage flow of metro platform screen door is close to 20 m3/s. The downward wind speed at the stairs can reach much higher under the schemes of "rail top exhaust hot air duct". However, under the schemes of "smoke exhaust duct", there is a risk that the wind speed can't reach the standard when the opening area of stairs is pretty large, because of tunnel fans in power off state. It is recommended to give priority to the scheme of "rail top exhaust hot air duct" when the station conditions are poor. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on fire water supply safety index of traditional villages considering fire risk Peng Yankun, Du Kun, Song Zhigang, Zhou Ming 2022, 41 (9):  1228-1232.  Abstract ( 1024 )   Traditional villages are architectural and cultural resources with high protection value, but fire accidents occur frequently and the problem of fire safety is very serious. Research of fire risk has important practical significance for the protection of traditional villages. Most of the studies considered the factors such as building layout, fire resistance class and electricity safety, and paid little attention to the safety of fire water supply. The traditional village fire risk assessment method based on the fire water supply safety index is proposed. The ISO (Insurance Services Office) method is used to calculate the fire water demand of single buildings in case of fire. The fire water supply capacity of fire hydrants is evaluated by constructing the hydraulic model of pipe network. Finally, the fire water supply safety index is calculated and some suggestions are put forward. The proposed method is applied to traditional villages in Yunnan. The results show that for traditional villages, determining the fire flow simply according to the number of population will lead to serious shortage of fire water supply capacity of pipe network. In the design of pipe network, the local hydraulic conditions shall be fully considered, combined with the local fire data, fire extinguishing water consumption and assurance rate, building type and other factors shall be analyzed comprehensively. Traditional villages should minimize the use of wooden tile roofs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of research progress on fire resistance of building energy-saving fire-resistant windows Chen Jinsong1, Ma Xin2 2022, 41 (9):  1233-1236.  Abstract ( 1053 )   Building energy-saving fire-resistant window is an important peripheral protective structure to prevent the fire from spreading to the interior. In this paper, from the perspective of building fire prevention, the relevant research on the fire-resistant performance of building energy-saving fire-resistant windows in recent years is systematically investigated, and the application scenarios, fire-resistant performance research and testing methods, common problems and other aspects are analyzed and summarized, and the development trend and research focus of fire-resistant windows are prospected. The results show that the current research on the fire resistance of energy-saving building fire-resistant windows only focuses on one aspect of energy saving or fire resistance, and the future research on the performance of fire-resistant windows needs to consider both energy saving and fire resistance comprehensively. Fire-resistant windows will promote the development of family-style fire refuge rooms, and improve the ability to protect the safety of life and property. Related Articles | Metrics

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An algorithm for fire evacuation path dynamic planning Cao Xianghong, Du Wei, Wei Xiaoge, Tong Shuo 2022, 41 (9):  1237-1241.  Abstract ( 1163 )   In case of fire, the existing evacuation route cannot be changed in real time according to the fire situation, which may lead the escape personnel to the fire site, resulting in greater danger. In this paper, a novel improved ant colony algorithm (NIACA) is proposed for fire evacuation path dynamic planning. Firstly, the initial pheromone concentration was improved by A* algorithm, then the equivalent distance improved heuristic function which was affected by fire factors was proposed, then pheromone updating rules were improved to speed up the optimal path search, and finally the path smoothing strategy was used to process the optimal path. The experimental results show that compared with the original ant colony algorithm, the proposed algorithm reduces the blindness in the early stage of the algorithm, has strong dynamic search ability, can help the algorithmavoid falling into local optimization, can quickly and accurately plan the evacuation path in case of fire, and can quickly and safely evacuate the escape personnel to the safe exit away from the fire site. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of variable weight-mutation seriesin mine fire risk analysis Xue Feng, Li Xijian, Xu Enyu, Cai Junjie, 2022, 41 (9):  1242-1246.  Abstract ( 1046 )   In order to comprehensively evaluate the risk of mine fire, a comprehensive evaluation method of mine fire risk is proposed by combining AHP method, entropy weight method, variable weight theory and catastrophe progression method. The main idea of this evaluation method is to couple the subjective and objective factors of the AHP method and the entropy weighting method to obtain the constant weight value of the index, select the penalty-incentive variable weight function to solve the variable weight value, and then combine the Pearson correlation coefficient to improve the subsequent mutation series method to determine the mine fire risk level. On the basis of the existing evaluation examples of mine fire risk, the mine fire risk assessment system is established from four aspects of human, machine, management and environment. Taking the goaf of 11613 working face in Qinglong Coal Mine of Guizhou province as an example, 16 main influencing factors were selected for fire risk assessment. The assessment results were as follows: the total catastrophe level value was 0.704 8, and the fire risk was general risk. A series of measures were proposed from the four factors of human, machine, environment and management to reduce the risk of mine fire. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire and explosion accident simulation of coalgasification plant in a coal chemical enterprise Xu Ya, Pang Jihua 2022, 41 (9):  1247-1250.  Abstract ( 1039 )   Taking a large coal chemical enterprise as an example, this paper uses SAFETI software to simulate the consequences of fire and explosion accidents in a coal gasification enterprise, set up multiple simulation scenarios, evaluate the scope of influence and harm of accidents, giving references for safety design and management of the enterprise. Through example analysis, the coal gasification unit has complicated production process equipment, many kinds of production media, and high fire risk. It is necessary to set up multiple accident simulation scenarios when analyzing accident consequences. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on fire extinguishment of foam system on the large transformer Zhang Yan, Liu Guoqiang, Li Guochun, Tan Longmei 2022, 41 (9):  1251-1255.  Abstract ( 1080 )   To study the effectiveness of large transformer extinguishing system in State Grid sites, the large transformer fire extinguishing test platform has been built and 220 kV transformer fire model was employed to compare the fire extinguishment capability of compressed air foam extinguishing system and foam spray system. The test results showed that: under the same fire conditions, the compressed air foam extinguishing system of 6 L/(min·m2) foam application rate at 0.7 MPa can put out fire within 34 s. The foam spray system of 8 L/(min·m2) foam application rate at 0.7 MPa could put out fire in 39 s, only remaining high level oil pan slash fire. The tests showed that the fire extinguishment capability of compressed air foam extinguishing system was better than that of foam spray system. The experiment provided technical parameters and experimental basis for fire protection design of large transformer. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on full-scale fire extinguishing system of 220 kV outdoor oil-immersed transformer Wang Dong, Chen Qiang, Shi Xiaolong, Lin Gang 2022, 41 (9):  1256-1259.  Abstract ( 1088 )   To explore more effective way of oil-immersed transformer protection, an outdoor 220 kV oil-immersed transformer is used as the research object, and an oil-immersed transformer physical fire test platform is developed to analyze the different fire extinguishing effects of various fire extinguishing methods in the combustion test by conducting high pressure fine water mist, water spray and foam spray fire extinguishing tests as a single action and synergistic action. The effectiveness of multiple fire extinguishing methods in outdoor oil-immersed transformers was verified through physical fire combustion tests. The test results show that the high-pressure fine water mist fire extinguishing system has advantages over the water spray fire extinguishing system in terms of water consumption and smoke decontamination; and the synergistic fire extinguishing system has obvious effects on the fire extinguishing efficiency compared with the single fire extinguishing system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and development of cable piercing rescue device for drowning vehicle based on ROV Zhang Lei, Hu Bin, Zhou Zhaowei, Shen Min 2022, 41 (9):  1260-1262.  Abstract ( 1043 )   Aiming at the problems and high risk in the process of vehicle drowning accident rescue, this paper designs an emergency cable piercing rescue device for drowning vehicles based on underwater robot control. The key components and the rescue device have been developed and manufactured, and the functional verification under laboratory conditions is completed. The device mainly includes an underwater telescopic mechanism, a rope storage release mechanism, etc. It can be mounted on an underwater rescue robot to realize unmanned rescue of vehicles in deep water accidents and improve the actual capability of emergency rescue teams in handling vehicle accidents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of navigation and controltechnology for firefighting robot Wang Ziyou, Hu Bin 2022, 41 (9):  1263-1267.  Abstract ( 1068 )   Aimed at the low reliability and intelligence of navigation and control technology of current fire fighting robot, this paper proposes a novel control and navigation system for fire-fighting robot, what the operator needs to do is to set the starting and terminal point on digital map, then, the robot can revise the motion according to the surrounding environment by performing the mapping and localization, path-planning and path-following repeatedly. This research sets a solid basis for fire fighting robot to be able to execute tasks out of the sights of operator in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on drying characteristics and dryingmodel of two kinds of fire hose Yu Hao, Liu Long, Li Yongzhen, Liu Cuiyu 2022, 41 (9):  1268-1272.  Abstract ( 1062 )   In order to strengthen the maintenance of fire hose, the closed drying device based on air source heat pump was designed, which can achieve the purpose of low energy consumption and fast drying. The effects of air supply temperature and air supply speed on the drying characteristics of two kinds of fire hose with rubber and polyurethane lining were analyzed by experimental method, and the drying models of two kinds of fire hose were established by fitting Wang and Singh drying models. When the air supply temperature increased by 10 ℃ from 30 ℃, the drying time of rubber and plastic fire hose decreased by 23.1% and 30.2% respectively, and that of polyurethane fire hose decreased by 25.1% and 43.4% respectively. Compared with the wind speed of 2 m/s, the drying time of the two materials of fire hose was not significantly reduced when the wind speed was 3 m/s, and was reduced by 9.3% and 30% respectively when the wind speed was 4 m/s. When the air supply speed was 3 m/s and the temperature was 30, 40 and 50 ℃, the drying time of the fire hose lined with polyurethane was 26.4%, 68.8% and 67.2% less than that lined with rubber and plastic respectively. When the air supply temperature was 50 ℃ and the air supply speed was 2, 3 and 4 m/s, the drying time of the fire hose lined with polyurethane was 34.8%, 40.1% and 49.8% less than that lined with rubber and plastic, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of reconnaissance and fire fighting robot system Liu Gui, An Ke, Wu Jiaxin, Lin Ziyan 2022, 41 (9):  1273-1277.  Abstract ( 1080 )   To improve the rescue efficiency and lower the risks when firefighters rush into the fire directly, a reconnaissance and robotic fire fighting system is designed, consisted of UAV detection system, tracked fire water monitor and remote servers. The UAV realizes the detective function of the external fire site environment through digital camera and implements the graph transmission through wireless communication. Adopted the infrared?thermography?technology coupled with smoke, temperature and gyro sensors, the multi-degree fire mobile water monitor design is used for the detection of the internal fire site environment, automatic fire detection as well as tracked fire water monitor with lockout. The server ROM can function to present the internal fire site information and remote motion control. It is found that the reconnaissance and robotic fire fighting system can take place of firefighters when rushing into the fire site. It also enables a visualized comprehensive presentation of the internal and external fire site environment detection, which provides evidence for the swift settlement of fire fighting strategies, improves the efficiency of fire fighting and protects the lives and property of the people well. Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of the change of key parameters of typical fire extinguisher on actual fire extinguishing performance Li Shu, Liu Lianxi, Zhuang Shuang 2022, 41 (9):  1278-1280.  Abstract ( 1082 )   The quality problems of fire extinguisher during the actual usage were concluded. The physical and chemical properties and fire extinguishing performance of representative portable fire extinguishers were studied and analyzed. The key physical and chemical index influencing the performance of fire extinguishers were summarized, so as to provide technical support and theoretical basis for the daily supervision of fire extinguisher products, and to improve the product quality to ensure the effective fire extinguishing function. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on fire detection algorithm of unattended substation based on data fusion technology Feng Junzong, He Guangceng, Dai Hang, Liu Zhijian 2022, 41 (9):  1281-1286.  Abstract ( 1061 )   In view of the high false alarm rate in the traditional fire alarm system of substation, it is impossible to take fire alarm and fire protection measures with different degree of strict degree according to the importance of different areas in the substation, and proposes a fire detection algorithm of unattended substation based on data fusion technology. In the feature layer of data fusion technology, BP neural network is used to fuse the temperature, smoke and CO in the detection area, and the probability of open fire and smoldering fire is predicted; In the decision-making layer, the fire probability output by the feature layer is combined with the three additional information, including fire duration, fire risk and damage degree, and finally the fire alarm level is output. Finally, the simulation results show that the algorithm can identify the scene of the burning fire and smoldering fire quickly and accurately, and can give reasonable alarm decision-making according to the importance difference of different detection areas. It has certain flexibility and advanced nature. Related Articles | Metrics

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Air-ground integrated command system design for forest fire rescue Zhu Xinping, Qu Jingjing, Xu Chuan 2022, 41 (9):  1287-1290.  Abstract ( 1144 )   In view of the social impact of forest fires and the real needs of China's forest fire rescue, research to build a forest fire rescue command system conducive to promoting air-ground coordination. Analyzed the current situation of forest fire rescue. It discusses the factors affecting forest fire rescue and the shortcomings of the traditional hierarchical forest fire rescue command system, and combines the OODA cycle theory and the principle of collaborative decision making to design an integrated air-ground command system that promotes air-ground linkage according to the basic idea of "information perception-disaster research and judgment-scientific decision making-dispatch execution", supports rescue parties to share a unified and dynamic fire scene picture, and improves the command effectiveness of forest fire fighting operations. Based on information technology and artificial intelligence, the forest fire rescue command information system including data support subsystem, data fusion subsystem and command and dispatch decision subsystem is designed. The research results can provide theoretical reference for enhancing the forest fire rescue command capability in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the pyrolysis characteristics of four bushes in Maor mountain Chen Yicheng, Xin Ying 2022, 41 (9):  1291-1295.  Abstract ( 1050 )   Forest fires are extremely destructive to forest resources. Using pyrolysis technology to study the nature of forest resources is beneficial for adopting different fire protection priorities for different materials. Syringa oblata Lindl, Lonicera ruprechtiana Regel, Amygdalus triloba, and Cornus alba Linnaeus in Maor mountain of Heilongjiang Province were used as experimental materials. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the pyrolysis and kinetic characteristics of the four bushes. The selected heating rate was 20 ℃/min, the particle size was 40 meshes, and the experiment was carried out in the air atmosphere with oxygen content 21%. The combination of differentiation and integration was used for kinetics research, the activation energy and pre-exponential factor were calculated according to the kinetic equation. The flammability ranking of the four bushes was obtained by comprehensive analysis of the temperature of the highest weight loss rate point in the main weight loss stage, the activation energy of the main weight loss stage and the residual mass of pyrolysis by fuzzy cluster analysis. The research results show that the pyrolysis process of four kinds of bushes is divided into four stages: water loss stage, pyrolysis stage of hemicellulose, cellulose and part of lignin, pyrolysis stage of part of lignin and pyrolysis products, and the ash stage. The main weight loss stage of the four bushes is the pyrolysis stage of hemicellulose, cellulose and part of lignin, and the secondary weight loss stage is the pyrolysis stage of part of lignin and pyrolysis products. The activation energy range of the four bushes during the main weightlessness phase is 260.435 1～326.171 3 kJ/mol, and the activation energy range of the secondary weightlessness phase is 315.836 7～425.920 1 kJ/mol. The first chemical reaction of the four bushes is the main weightless stage. The flammability of the four bushes is ranked according to the activation energy of the main weightless stage, and the results are as follows: Syringa oblata Lindl＞Amygdalus triloba＞Cornus alba Linnaeus＞Lonicera ruprechtiana Regel. It shows that Syringa oblata Lindl among the four bushes is the most flammable, and special attention needs to be paid during the fire prevention period. Lonicera ruprechtiana Regel has the best fire resistance and can be used as a fire-resistant tree species. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and countermeasures on fire safety management of high-rise buildings exterior thermal insulation materials Wu Zhenkun 2022, 41 (9):  1296-1299.  Abstract ( 1071 )   In China, the exterior insulation and finish system for high-rise buildings is widely used as one of the important measures for energy saving, especially in the northeast region. However, during the promotion and application, as well as the construction of building exterior insulation and finish system, problems of fire code and standards lag back, fire management of construction and use stage being inadequate leave behind lots of fire hazards, and increase the building fire risks. This paper analyzes the combustion characteristics and fire risk of high-rise building exterior wall insulation materials; according to the experience of exterior insulation and finish system fire safety management in Liaoning province, countermeasures to prevent fire risks are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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On current situation and countermeasures of grassroots extended fire investigation Wu Gang 2022, 41 (9):  1300-1303.  Abstract ( 1027 )   Based on 90 extended fire investigations in Shaanxi province, this paper has a deep analysis, carding basic fire extending survey work contexts and the present situation, summarize the shortcomings and bottlenecks that restrict this work, such as the laws and regulations, working mechanism and talent cultivation, and finally put forward the feasible ways to solve the basic line problem. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation system of rescue ability of professional water rescue team Shen Wei 2022, 41 (9):  1304-1306.  Abstract ( 1128 )   Under the background of undertaking the functional tasks of the new era of "all kinds of disasters and major emergencies", water area rescue has become an important part of fire rescue. Building a professional, scientific and standardized water rescue team is an inevitable demand for dealing with all kinds of flood fighting and rescue tasks, and it is also a necessary way to control the safety of commanders and fighters' combat training. It is also an important task to improve the ability of teams at all levels to overcome difficulties and win. In view of the current development status of domestic water rescue professional teams, through the objective analysis of command and management, team construction, professional training, professional ability, martial arts competition, actual combat experience and other dimensional factors, an evaluation system is constructed to identify the bottleneck and crux that restrict the development of the team. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the construction of fire protection legal system and law enforcement standardization Wang Jin 2022, 41 (9):  1307-1310.  Abstract ( 1049 )   With the rapid development of China's economy and society and the continuous improvement of modernization level，urban fire risk level and disaster index are rising day by day，and fire accidents occur frequently，which directly threaten people's personal and property safety. Therefore，the fire rescue department must combine the trend of China's economic and social development，constantly improve the system of fire laws and regulations，strengthen the standardization of law enforcement，so as to meet the needs of economic and social development and fire prevention and control，and further promote the sustainable development of fire fighting. In order to solve the above problems，it is urgent to improve the system of fire laws and regulations，change the law enforcement concept，standardize the law enforcement behavior and other aspects of discussion and research，to build a scientific and reasonable working mechanism， to achieve the unity of fire work and social effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Thoughts on focusing on actual combat to the accuracy of training and assessment mechanism Ye Zhiyong 2022, 41 (9):  1311-1313.  Abstract ( 1055 )   2022 is the end of the three-year "transition period" of the reform and transformation of fire and rescue team, and the first year of the integrated development of fire and rescue team and forest fire team. Deepening the reform has a long way to go. Under this background, we should adhere to the standard of "combat effectiveness", make good use of the baton of assessment, effectively guide the training transformation of the team and improve the ability and quality. By analyzing the main problems in the training and assessment mechanism of fire and rescue teams, this paper analyzes the main causes of the problems, takes improving combat effectiveness as the accurate starting point, and tries to explore the methods and measures to optimize the training and assessment mechanism, so as to achieve the purpose of throwing bricks and attracting jade and common improvement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Solutions and analysis of quality management of fire safety technical service institutions Wang Tingting 2022, 41 (9):  1314-1317.  Abstract ( 1286 )   Studying with the current situation of quality management of fire safety technical service institutions in the city in recent years, the author analyses the causes of various problems of quality management of fire safety technical service institutions at present, puts forward the various solutions from technical standards, practitioners, department supervision, information system construction, certification and so on. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on effective strategies of fire rescue team in catastrophic flood disaster for realizing "efficient reinforcements" Zhang Xiaowei 2022, 41 (9):  1318-1321.  Abstract ( 1128 )   In recent years, major floods have occurred in various parts of China, which have seriously endangered the safety of life and propery and the high-quality social and economic development. Fire rescue teams have successfully completed the rescue tasks and post-disaster reconstruction in the flood-fighting battles, and have won high recognition and praise from the people. Combining with the typical severe flood disasters in recent years, some effective strategies on how to improve the reinforcement level of the fire rescue team and better win the battle against floods have been provided. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of energy spectrum analysis technique in evidence source tracing of a fire Liu Zhengang, Liang Guofu, Zhang Bin 2022, 41 (9):  1322-1324.  Abstract ( 1050 )   A cause indentification problem occurred during the fire cause investigation of a residential fire. It was a difficult issue to ascertain the ignition source between electrical fault of the electric wheelchair and that of other electric appliances. The energy dispersive spectrum analysis was employed to confirm the fire source. On this basis, the fire cause was determined. The study can provide reference for similar fire investigation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of video analysis technology in the investigation of a fatal fire accident Zhu Chenhao, Wu Ruisheng 2022, 41 (9):  1325-1328.  Abstract ( 1081 )   The investigation of a fatal fire accident and analysis of the probative role of video evidence in the investigation of the case were introduced. Through the comprehensive application of fire video direct comparison method, fire video feature comparison method, fire video light tracing method, fire video space-time locking method and fire video experimental verification method and other video analysis techniques, the time of the fire, the fire location and the cause of the fire were accurately determined. The probative value and use of video surveillance footage in fire investigations and the application of video analysis techniques in fire incident investigations were further explored. It is recommended that video and electronic data recovery extraction capabilities should be enhanced, the depth of thinking in video analysis should be strengthened, and the forensics of video data during the investigation of fire accidents should be standardized. Related Articles | Metrics