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15 September 2021, Volume 40 Issue 9 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Study on the effectiveness of extinguishing cable fires under the combined action of liquid nitrogen and smoke LAN Mei-juan, FENG Tao, TU Jia-qing, TAO Chang-fa 2021, 40 (9):  1269-1275.  Abstract ( 1810 )   The cable fire risk of underground pipe gallery is extremely high. FDS software is used to simulate the flame spread of cable inside the underground pipe gallery under three conditions, namely, the combined action of liquid nitrogen and mechanical smoke exhaust, only mechanical smoke exhaust, and no liquid nitrogen or mechanical smoke exhaust. The smoke spread and temperature distribution in the underground pipe gallery after cable fire are analyzed. It is concluded that the combined action of liquid nitrogen and mechanical smoke exhaust can quickly extinguish the fire and reduce the risk of serious consequences caused by the cable fire. The effects of different nitrogen injection speeds and mechanical smoke exhaust speeds on extinguishing cable fires in the underground pipe gallery are analyzed, and it is concluded that an appropriate increase in nitrogen injection speed and smoke exhaust speed is beneficial to extinguishing cable fires. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research of high temperature point location and tracking algorithm based on infrared image HUANG Qiong, SI Ying, WANG Hao-yu, DING Zhao-yun 2021, 40 (9):  1276-1280.  Abstract ( 1618 )   A positioning and tracking algorithm based on infrared image is proposed, and the algorithm is implemented in the intelligent fire helmet based on FPGA and infrared detector technology. The infrared detector collects the information of fire temperature image, realizes the location and tracking of fire high temperature points, and shares the information through the obtained high temperature points, so as to effectively improve the cooperative fire fighting ability and make it more timely and efficient to put out the fire in a good way. The experimental results show that the intelligent fire helmet can achieve better positioning effect of high temperature points, and has smaller target offset distance and shorter target search time in the search process. The accuracy of high temperature point position judgment is relatively high, which can provide effective and reliable auxiliary information for fire fighting command and rescue combat. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on volume fog and visibility based on virtual reality technology WANG Zuo, GONG Yun-peng, MA Ting-guang 2021, 40 (9):  1281-1286.  Abstract ( 1621 )   From the volume fog algorithm, the smoke is rendered in the virtual reality space based on the extinction formula, so that the extinction effect is close to that of the non-irritating real smoke in experiments. This research provides effective support for the simulation of emergency exit instruction system in virtual space. This work also tested the impact of 1 080 and 1 440 resolution head-mounted VR display on human visual acuity and visibility. The experimental results show that the low resolution in VR helmet reduces the visual acuity, but has not much impact on visibility. In virtual dark scenes, the improved volume fog algorithm can bridge the gap between human visibility and smoke extinction coefficients, so as to test the visual perception effect of human eyes on fire smoke. The relationship between human eye visibility and fire extinction coefficient is constructed, and it provides a means to reconstruct the smoke in a VR environment based on the simulation result from FDS, which can improve the effect of escape drill in virtual fire field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on emission characteristics of transformer oil combustion GAO Yang, FENG Zhi-long, HE Yu-hao, WU Shui-ping, 2021, 40 (9):  1287-1290.  Abstract ( 1743 )   By experiments of 25# Karamay transformer oil combustionin smoke box, the soot particles and PAHs emission factor(EF) were identified. The results indicated that, the EF values increases with the amount of burned oil and then decreases and remains steady with small fluctuation; The average value of EF for smoke from steady stage using large smog chamber was less than that using small chamber; The PAHs profiles from the combustion of new and wasted oil are the same, dominated by mid-to-high ring compounds, and are significantly different from those in transformer oil dominated by low ring compounds; The characteristics of the EFs for mid-to-high ring compounds varying with the amount of burned oil were more similar to those of smoke; The EF of the total PAHs for new oil combustion smoke from steady stage was higher than that for decommissioned oil, and the toxicity was dominated by benzo(a)pyrene. Related Articles | Metrics

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Thermal decomposition kinetics of Calix[4]arene in air ZHANG Ding-ran 2021, 40 (9):  1291-1293.  Abstract ( 1591 )   The pyrolysis process and performance parameters of Calix[4]arene in air atmosphere were studied. The apparent activation energy of Calix[4]arene was calculated. The pyrolysis kinetic function equation of main degradation process was solved . The results showed that calix[4]arene was oxidized and combusted in air atmosphere, and its stability decreased. The apparent activation energies of Calix[4]arene are 89.72 kJ/mol and 101.33 kJ/mol by using the Kissinger method and Flynn-wall-Ozawa method, respectively. The pyrolysis mechanism function equation is g (█(α)) = [-ln(1-█(α))]2/3, the reaction order is n=2/3. The non-isothermal pyrolysis mechanism is random nucleation and subsequent growth reaction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on test methods for fire resistant performance of dedicated fire cables BAO Guang-hong, FENG Jun, HU Lin-ming, ZHANG Bing-hao 2021, 40 (9):  1294-1296.  Abstract ( 1650 )   Against the problem that existing fire resistance test methods of cables in China cannot meet the requirements of the related codes for the fire resistance of cables, based on foreign advanced test methods, a new fire resistance test method was developed, that is, flame combustion, shock vibration and water spray test are applied on the same cable sample. The results show that: The technical content of this method is scientific and reasonable; The fireproof performance of cable mainly depends on the quality of refractory layer material, cable structure and cable manufacturing technology level. Related Articles | Metrics

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Calculation of tunnel fire wind pressure with the maximum slope at the entrance and exit XIE Fei, DONG Qi-wei, CHANG Mo-ning 2021, 40 (9):  1297-1300.  Abstract ( 1649 )   In this study, the smoke flow at the entrance and exit of the tunnel and the BRE plume overflow model inside the combustion chamber are used for analogy analysis. By drawing on the calculation methods of some of its parameters, a set of direct fire wind pressure calculation methods based on J TG/TD 70/2-02-2014 Detailed Rules for the Design of Highway Tunnel Ventilation are obtained when the maximum slope section of the tunnel is located at the entrance and exit of the tunnel. Based on a certain project, the theoretical calculation results are compared with the numerical simulation results, and it is found that they are relatively close. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on splitting tensile strength of concrete after high temperature ZHOU Jian-chao, CHEN Hai-bin, WANG Bang-bang 2021, 40 (9):  1301-1304.  Abstract ( 1656 )   In order to explore the variation of the splitting tensile strength of concrete after high temperature, 156 pieces of C30 and C40 concrete blocks with the size of 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm were made by choosing the mix ratio of concrete commonly used in this area. The simulated fire tests were carried out under different conditions of 60 min and 90 min fire time, natural cooling and water spraying cooling, 1d and 14d standing after high temperature. The splitting tensile strength values of concrete specimens with different fire time, cooling methods, standing time and strength grade after high temperature were obtained. The influence degree of different working conditions was further analyzed, which provides the basis for the appraisal and reinforcement design of building structures or components after high temperature. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on effect of section width on fire wind pressure in longitudinal ventilation tunnel WANG Yi-jian, HUANG Ya-dong, HU Wei, ZHU Kai 2021, 40 (9):  1305-1308.  Abstract ( 1591 )   Aiming at the change of fire and wind pressure when a fire occurs in tunnels with different cross-section widths, Fluent software is used to simulate the occurrence of fire in the tunnel, and the influence of the tunnel width on the critical wind speed is analyzed, as well as the influence of the tunnel width, fire source power and ventilation speed on fire wind pressure. Research shows that when the power of the fire source is small, the tunnel with a smaller width has a larger critical wind speed; as the power of the fire source increases, the differences between the critical wind speeds decreases. About the fire wind pressure, the two factors, namely, the flow resistance around the fire zone and the increase in hot smoke friction resistance, interact with each other as the wind speed increases. As a result, the fire wind pressure will first increase as the wind speed increases, then decrease as the wind speed increases after reaching a peak value, and finally stabilize when the ventilation speed increases to the critical wind speed. With the increase of tunnel width, the influence of ventilation rate on fire wind pressure decreases gradually. The calculation formulas of tunnel fire wind pressure for different width tunnels under different ventilation rates and fire source power were established, which provided a reference for tunnel fire ventilation design. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mixed evacuation strategies of high-rise office building fire GUAN Wen-ling, MA Ling, WANG Li, TIAN Hong-chen 2021, 40 (9):  1309-1312.  Abstract ( 1681 )   A high-rise office building was selected as the research object, and a fire diffusion model was established by using PyroSim to calculate the available safe evacuation time when the 25-story corridor catches fire. The Pathfinder was used to establish an evacuation model and calculate the required safe evacuation time. The influence of mixed evacuation strategy on evacuation efficiency are analyzed. The results show that: Compared with temperature and CO concentration, the time for visibility to reach the safe evacuation limit is shorter. When the 25th floor corridor is on fire, the available safe evacuation time of the fire floor under the most unfavorable conditions is 319.1 s. The required safe evacuation time of stair evacuation strategy and the mixed evacuation strategy of stairs and elevators is 526.3 and 427.9 s respectively, which do not meet the safe evacuation conditions. The required safe evacuation time of the mixed evacuation strategy of stairs, elevators and refuge floors is 294.2 s. It takes 2 618 and 2 289 s to evacuate the whole building with stairs strategy and the mixed evacuation strategy of stairs and elevators. It takes 1 796 s to evacuate the whole building by mixing the stair, elevator and the refuge floors. Therefore, it is more efficient and safer to use the mixed evacuation strategy of stairs, elevators and refuge floors in high-rise building fire. The research results provide a basis for formulating emergency evacuation plans for high-rise office buildings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the influence of transverse fire location and area on critical velocity in dual lane road tunnel WEI Yan-qing 2021, 40 (9):  1313-1316.  Abstract ( 1566 )   In order to explore the influence of transverse fire location and fire area on the critical velocity, the FDS software was used to study the critical velocity of central fire and near wall fire in the U-shaped section dual lane road tunnel, and the results were compared with those in the rectangular section tunnel. The results show that when HRRPUA is constant, the critical velocity increases with the fire area. The critical velocity of the near wall fire is smaller than that of the central fire, which is different from that in rectangular section tunnel. As the fire area gets bigger, the ratio of critical velocity of near wall fire and central fire approaches to 1, and the mirror effect cannot explain the difference of the critical velocity of near wall fire and central fire in the U-shaped section tunnel. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on compressive strength and meso-damage of concrete under high temperature HUA Wei-pan, LI Kai-feng, XIE Xiao-jie 2021, 40 (9):  1317-1321.  Abstract ( 1623 )   In order to study the strength attenuation characteristics and damage effects of microstructure of concrete under high temperatures, the CT scanning, unconfined compression and XRD diffraction tests were carried out. Meanwhile, the mechanism of concrete damage at high temperatures was analyzed. The experimental results show that the unconfined compressive strength fcu and elastic modulus E of concrete gradually decrease with the increase of temperature from 20 ℃ to 1 000 ℃, and the attenuation rate is first slow and then fast. The attenuation amplitude of unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus increases with the extension of heating time. The damage degree of concrete meso-structure accumulates gradually in the process of fire development. With the increase of fire temperature, the number and size of concrete cracks increase gradually. The porosity of concrete increases exponentially with the increase of temperature, and the unconfined compressive strength has an obvious negative linear correlation with the porosity. The gradual dehydration and decomposition process of gel materials is the essential mechanism of the high temperature damage effects of concrete. Related Articles | Metrics

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Risk analysis of LNG storage tank based on Bow-tie normal cloud model LI Wei-dong, ZHOU De-hong, XIAO Zhen-hang, ZHANG Ming 2021, 40 (9):  1322-1326.  Abstract ( 1758 )   In order to solve the problem that the Bow-tie model cannot quantify the risk of LNG storage tanks, a Bow-tie model was established with five high-risk elements of LNG storage tanks: high-risk sites, high-risk processes, high-risk equipment, high-risk substances, and high-risk personnel. Then the normal cloud model is introduced to establish a cloud model for the cloud drop based on the possibility and severity of risk. Combining with Python language visual program, a cloud map was generated and the cloud closeness was calculated to determine the risk level of each element. Finally, analysis was carried out with the example of an enterprise LNG storage tank farm. The results show that the high-risk sites in the Bow-tie model are the first-level element with the highest risk, and the LNG storage tank pre-cooling process is the second-level element with the highest risk. The two basic events of pressure and temperature are the keys to LNG leakage. The installation of pressure-temperature automatic sensing system can effectively prevent and control accidents. It provides a basis for dynamic risk management and control of storage tanks. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the evacuation safety of Yellow River road-rail tunnel ZHAO Shi-chao, ZHANG Liang-liang, JIANG Xue-peng, WANG Mei-na 2021, 40 (9):  1327-1331.  Abstract ( 1649 )   Taking the Jinan Yellow River road-rail tunnel as the research object, the impact of the distance between the vertical evacuation stairs and the horizontal evacuation door on the evacuation time of the people in the case of road tunnels and rail transit fires was analyzed, and the necessary evacuation time was obtained. The results show that when the distance between any two evacuation stairs is 60 m and 75 m, it meets the requirements for safe evacuation. When a fire occurs in rail transit, the available safe evacuation time is 2 700 s under effective ventilation. When the distance between any two evacuation doors is 150 m and 300 m, it meets safety evacuation requirements. Considering safety and operating costs, it is recommended to set the distance between the evacuation stairs as 75 m and the distance between the evacuation doors of the lower storey as 300 m. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation analysis of traditional fire prevention measures in ancient building LI Ling-feng 2021, 40 (9):  1332-1336.  Abstract ( 1619 )   Based on the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), this paper analyzes the applicability of fire prevention measures of ancient buildings, including wall plastering, patio, tile roof and gable. The results are as follows: The indoor wall plastering has good fire prevention function with a fire delay of 60 seconds, reducing the wood loss of ancient buildings by 18%; The increase in patio area can delay the spread of fire in horizontal direction and reduce the area of flashover; When the area of the patio increases, the heating rate of the area far away from the fire source decreases over time, and the heating rate of the area near the fire source decreases first and then increases; Tile roof can effectively resist flying fire. It is suggested that the roof in ancient architecture should be completely covered with tile or other difficult combustible materials; Due to the fire resistance test, it is suggested that the height of the gables on both sides of the patio should be higher than the eaves 0.5 meters at least. Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction of corrosion rate of submarine pipelines based on RF-GOA-RVM LUO Zheng-shan, YANG Mei-hui, WANG Xiao-wan, ZHANG Xin-sheng 2021, 40 (9):  1337-1340.  Abstract ( 1625 )   In order to solve the problems of difficult parameter determination and low prediction accuracy of submarine pipeline corrosion rate prediction model, a new corrosion rate prediction method based on RF-GOA-RVM was proposed. Random forest (RF) was used to screen the corrosive factors of submarine pipelines, and the main corrosion factors were determined; the grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) was used to optimize the correlation vector machine (RVM) parameters to predict the corrosion rate of the pipeline. Simulation experiments show that compared with Particle swarm optimization-correlation vector machine (PSO-RVM) and RVM, RF-GOA-RVM has better model stability and higher prediction accuracy, which can provide decision-making basis for submarine pipeline corrosion failure prediction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical analysis of influence of ventilation on cable fire in long and narrow space CHI Yuan, WANG Na, MA Yi-wei 2021, 40 (9):  1341-1344.  Abstract ( 1556 )   In order to study the characteristic law of heat flow field after the cable fire in narrow and long space, the mathematical model of fire simulation calculation suitable for narrow and long space was established. The governing equations were deformed and discretized, and solved by numerical program. The characteristic law of smoke spread after the cable fire, the distribution of temperature field at different time and the temperature measuring point at characteristic position were obtained. The influence of ventilation on fire heat flow field was discussed. The change law of fire flow field characteristics provides references for the design of fire detection and ventilation of long and narrow space. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation on the leakage and diffusion of biogas from anaerobic reactor YAN Wei-yang 2021, 40 (9):  1345-1349.  Abstract ( 1561 )   Based on FDS, the diffusion process of biogas result from the leakage in anaerobic reactors has been studied, and three typical scenarios of biogas leakage in an anaerobic reactor were simulated including the breakage at the pipe joints, the breakage at the conduction pipe valve and the methane gas breaking through the water seal. Results showed that when the pipe joint or the valve of the conduction pipe are broken, the risk range is about 5 m downwind from the leak. But when the biogas breaks through the water seal, the risk range is more than 60 m downwind from the leak. So the risk of the biogas breaking through the water seal is the greatest. The methane after the leakage will spread downwind. But when encountering obstacles, methane will also accumulate in the nest wind position. When large area leakage happens like the biogas breaking through the water seal, the warning of the fixed stake gas alarm is very important. Related Articles | Metrics

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Approximate exhaust volume distribution method and its numerical simulation verification of fire smoke discharge in a large hangar CHENG Zi-jian, XIANG Xiao-dong, ZENG Qiang 2021, 40 (9):  1350-1354.  Abstract ( 1576 )   Reasonable distribution of exhaust volume is of greatimportance to smoke control and fire safety in large-scale hangar. An exhaust volume "polluted area ratio" distribution method was put forward and the corresponding calculation model of distribution was given based on the characteristics of smoke concentration distribution in large-scale hangar. To prove the superiority of the exhaust volume "polluted area ratio" distribution method, a large-scale hangar in Wuhan was taken as an example for the comparison analysis of equal exhaust volume distribution and "polluted area ratio" distribution. The visibility, the velocity distribution at the center section, the cross-sectional distribution of smoke concentration near the exhaust outlet, and the variation of temperature and carbon monoxide concentration near the ignition point were simulated by FDS software. The simulation results showed that when the exhaust volume "polluted area ratio" distribution method was used, the visibility could be significantly improved in hangar 600 s after stable combustion of fuel. The backflow and accumulation of smoke under the ceiling was almost disappeared. Near the exhaust outlet, the smoke concentration in the section was low and evenly distributed. Furthermore, the temperature and carbon monoxide concentration near the ignition source were significantly decreased. It indicated that the "polluted area ratio" distribution method is a new way to achieve rapid smoke extraction and improve the fire-fighting safety in hangar effectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Building fire risk assessment based on IOWA and vector angle cosine WANG Ling 2021, 40 (9):  1355-1359.  Abstract ( 1569 )   Aiming at the problem that traditional evaluation methods are difficult to scientifically define fire safety levels due to the ambiguity of super high-rise building fire indicators and extreme cognition of experts, a super high-rise building fire risk assessment model based on IOWA and vector angle cosine is proposed. First, build an index system from four dimensions: fire protection capability, fire extinguishing capability, safe evacuation and rescue capability, and management capability. Then use the IOWA(Induced Ordered Weighted Average) operator to sort the decision data twice, eliminate data conflicts, reduce data extremes and introduce coefficients █(θ), dynamically adjust boundary weights, and obtain indicator weights. Then, with the aid of the vector angle cosine, the fire safety level of the super high-rise building is determined by calculating the closeness between the actual safety state of the evaluation target and the ideal safety state, and the key indicators that affect the fire safety of the super high-rise building are obtained by sensitivity analysis. Applying this method to the empirical analysis of the results of the three existing documents, the results show that the calculation results of this method are consistent with the conclusions of the original documents. It is believed that the fire safety level of super high-rise buildings in the original document cases is high, and the general layout, automatic fire alarm system, evacuation facilities, and the implementation of safety systems are key indicators that affect the fire safety of super high-rise buildings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental research on performance of typical foam fire extinguishing equipment ZENG Yan-chun, YAO Zhi-hong, HU Cheng 2021, 40 (9):  1360-1363.  Abstract ( 1660 )   Through screening typical foam fire extinguishing equipment and foam fire extinguishing agents, the equipment performance evaluation research based on spray test was carried out. The results showed that it is difficult to comprehensively evaluate the spray performance of foam fire extinguishing equipment by using only one source and one type of foam during the product testing process; the spray performance of foam guns and fire monitors highly dependent on the type of foam; it has good adaptability to the AFFF; the spray performance of same type of AFFF from different manufacturers has little difference; the use of aspirated and non-aspirated monitor heads has little effect on the foam performance of fire monitor. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on spray density uniformity of special application sprinkler YANG Bing-jie, WANG Jian-qiang, FAN Ya-kun, MI Li-pei 2021, 40 (9):  1364-1366.  Abstract ( 1618 )   In order to study the sprinkler distrbution characteristics performance of special application sprinkler system in large-span space public buildings, based on the previous development of extra large orifice closed sprinkler（flow coefficient K≥ 400）, another two types of special application sprinkler（K-161 and K-363）were selected, and the tests of sprinkler distribution of three kinds of sprinkler were carried out under the condition of installation height of 22 m and spray density of 32 L/(min?m2) and 36 L/(min?m2) respectively. The results show under the influence of sprinkler water deflector and pressure fluctuation, the deviation of spray intensity decreases with the increase of flow coefficient, and the uniformity of spray intensity is greatly affected by the working pressure. The smaller the working pressure is, the better the uniformity is. Related Articles | Metrics

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Improvement design of UHV converter transformer noise reduction device SHANG Feng-ju, ZHANG Jia-qing, ZHOU Yi-fu, LI Guo-hui 2021, 40 (9):  1367-1372.  Abstract ( 1598 )   Based on analysis for the arrangement characteristics of Box-in noise reduction device of UHV converter transformer, fire risk and common fire extinguishing technology, the influence of Box-in noise reduction device on fire extinguishing and fire development of UHV converter transformer was explained.Combined with the series test results of new hot melt noise reduction materials, a new noise reduction design scheme integrating new firefighting modules, hot melt support plates, anti-falling nets and explosion vents was proposed. The effectiveness of the design was verified by full-scale tests. The test results showed that the new firefighting module and hot melt support plate can quickly and effectively fall off under fire conditions, and the falling time was less than 2 min. The firefighting module after falling off was small and fragmentary, and the firefighting medium was not blocked and interfered. The new noise reduction design scheme can provide favorable conditions for external fire extinguishing, and significantly reduce the damage that explosion shock may cause to the internal fixed fire extinguishing system. At the same time, the price rise of the new noise reduction design scheme due to the new added function was acceptable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of cloud platform building fire monitoring system based on LoRa technology LI Yao-xing, ZHENG Gong-ming 2021, 40 (9):  1373-1376.  Abstract ( 1621 )   A LoRa-based cloud platform building fire monitoring system is designed in combination with the Internet of Things technology, proposed to solve the problems of complicated layout and wiring, short transmission distance, and low intelligence of traditional building fire monitoring system. The LoRa technology is used in the system to build a wireless sensor network, realizing the long-distance transmission of monitoring information and including terminal nodes and converge node. Terminal nodes monitor environmental information through a variety of sensors. The converge node can be used to receive data from all the terminal nodes, and upload to cloud platform by EC20 module. The test results show that the system can accurately display the environment data in the building in real time, and when an abnormal situation occurs, both terminal node and cloud can alert in time. The system has the advantages of wide coverage, low power consumption, low cost, easy deployment and so on, which has a wide application prospect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the high-rise building fire-fighting bomb system carried by drone ZHENG Xue-zhao, LI Teng-fei, WU Pei-li, TONG Xin 2021, 40 (9):  1377-1380.  Abstract ( 1720 )   Against the problems of high-rise building fire, such as many fire hazard sources, dense personnel, special structure, and combining with hexa-rotor UAV,fire-fighting bomb, fire identification technology, theoretical study and on site test, a set of drone equipped with fire-extinguishing bomb system was developed, which is fast, efficient, safe and reliable. Tests showed that, hexa-rotor UAV carrying fire-fighting bomb can fly steadily and precisely launch the bomb, while the reaction force of launching can be overcome by self-power of the drone; after launching, the bomb fly according to the scheduled route steadily, and explosive at the set position; the best distance of explosion and fire source is 3~5 m, which can ensure the dispersion of the extinguishing agent. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on fire design of converter transformer LAI Yu-bin, HONG Qiao-zhang 2021, 40 (9):  1381-1383.  Abstract ( 1606 )   Based on the new fire detection technology, the new water fire extinguishing agent's water spray and the fire cannon technology, the converter transformer simulation test platform was set up, and the fire detection and fire extinguishing tests under different scenarios were carried out. The research shows that the new detector for the converter transformer can respond quickly, and the water spray and fire extinguishing system based on the water system extinguisher can quickly extinguish the converter transformer fire and have an effective cooling effect. According to the research results and the actual situation of the project, a set of fire protection design scheme suitable for converter transformer was proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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tudy on thermal stability and combustion characteristics of polyacrylonitrile fabric JIA Xu-hong, TAO Wan, MA Jun-hao, ZHI Mao-yong 2021, 40 (9):  1384-1387.  Abstract ( 1832 )   The thermal stability of PAN fabrics under air atmosphere conditions and combustion characteristics under three thermal radiation intensity conditions were investigated. The results showed that the thermal decomposition process of PAN fabric in air atmosphere mainly consists of three weight loss stages. With the increase of heat radiation intensity, the ignition time of PAN fabric is advanced; the peak of heat release rate and smoke production rate are increased to some extent, and the time to peak heat release rate was advances to different degrees; the mass loss rate is increased and the initial thermal decomposition time is advanced. The smoke density of PAN fabric is the highest when the thermal radiation intensity is 25 kW/m2 as the combustion is inadequate. The greater the heat radiation intensity, the faster the smoke diffusion. The fire performance index value decreases and the fire growth index value increases which indicates that the PAN fabric has a higher fire hazard. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the effect of nano-silica on the ultraviolet aging of intumescent fireproof coatings LU Ning, TANG Xin-cheng, CUI Zhi-yong, ZHU Dan-qing 2021, 40 (9):  1388-1390.  Abstract ( 1559 )   The effect of nano-silica on the UV resistance of intumescent fire-retardant coatings were studied.Artificial ultraviolet accelerated aging experiments were carried out on the intumescent fireproof coating KB (no nano-SiO2 added), SY-1 (1% nano-SiO2), SY-2 (2% nano-SiO2) and SY-3 (3% nano-SiO2).The physical and chemical properties of the samples were analyzed using cone calorimeter, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analyzer and Fourier infrared spectrometer. The results showed that the addition of nano-SiO2 improved the fire resistance and ultraviolet resistance of intumescent fire-retardant coatings, and the effected of adding 2% nano-SiO2 was the most obvious. From the analysis of the aging mechanism of SY-2 and KB, it is found that nano-SiO2 can improve the thermal stability and UV resistance of intumescent fireproof coatings, mainly by promoting the cross-linking of the resin with ammonium polyphosphate, inhibiting the formation of amide, and forming cross-linking with pentaerythritol. Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of components of fire retardant coating on fire resistance performance of steel structure ZHANG Fan 2021, 40 (9):  1391-1393.  Abstract ( 1612 )   The orthographic test was designed on the various components of solvent-based expansion steel structure fire retardant coating through SPSS software, and the fire resistance limit of different matching fireproof coatings is tested by simulating large plate combustion experiment, and the fire resistance of fire retardant coatings affecting the system is reached by data analysis. The order of the various parts of fire performance is as follows: titanium white powder > ammonium polyphosphate > glutamol > amide > acrylic resin, and the influence of titanium white powder is more obvious than other factors. At the same time, through the analysis of SPSS orthographic test data, the optimal formula ratio is ammonium polyphosphate:triamcinol:melamine:titanium white powder:acrylic resin=500:200:225:200:220. Related Articles | Metrics

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Innovation and practice of fire fighting and rescue combat establishment in high-rise buildings WANG Yong-ming 2021, 40 (9):  1394-1397.  Abstract ( 1702 )   Based on the actual elements of fire fighting and rescue in high-rise buildings, the paper analyzes the compilation ideas of fire fighting and rescue combat establishment in high-rise buildings, and puts forward the types, personnel composition, application mode and deployment procedure of fire fighting and rescue fighting in high-rise buildings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on scientific physical training of fire rescue personnel WANG Tong-ling, CHEN Wen-jia 2021, 40 (9):  1398-1400.  Abstract ( 1738 )   Physical fitness, as the basic quality of fire rescue personnel, is an important basis for the generation and guarantee of combat effectiveness. In order to further improve the scientific level of physical training of fire rescue personnel, starting from the characteristics of fire rescue and drawing lessons from the theory of competitive sports physical training, this paper considers the current situation of physical training of fire rescue personnel at this stage, and puts forward some suggestions, in order to provide some support for the improvement of the combat effectiveness of fire rescue personnel in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Water rescue technology for fire and rescue team HE Zhao-yu 2021, 40 (9):  1401-1404.  Abstract ( 1734 )   The water rescue and on-site risk were analyzed. Combining with the characteristics of water rescue, the methods were analyzed. How to carry out the rescue scientifically, efficiently and safely under the complex water situation was discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of fire safety management policy based on PMC index model LIU Ji-da, MAO Hai-feng 2021, 40 (9):  1405-1409.  Abstract ( 1746 )   In order to comprehensively and intuitively examine the relevant characteristics of fire safety management policies, a fire safety management policy evaluation index system based on the PMC index model was constructed from the three dimensions of policy attributes, policy content and policy implementation. Typical fire safety management policies was evaluated by using PMC index scores and PMC surface, such as guidance,management regulations, deepening enforcement, special actions. The main characteristics of different types of fire safety management policies was clarified. It also proposes the optimization and improvement path of fire safety management policies from five aspects: highlighting field characteristics, improving policy rules, continuous policy updates, keeping up with the needs of the times and strengthening joint publications. It is expected to provide a decision-making basis for completing the content and measures of fire safety management policies and improving the quality of policy implementation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Thoughts on the systematization and amendment of fire protection law RAO Jia-ning, ZHU Fei-yong 2021, 40 (9):  1410-1413.  Abstract ( 1714 )   The principles, problems, and suggestions of the law revision were analyzed in depth. The revision of the general rules, fire prevention, fire protection organization, fire-fighting and rescue, and legal responsibilities of Fire Law of the People's Republic of China were discussed systematically. The study is highly pertinent, scientific, practical and is consistent with current fire system reform and economic and social development requirements. Related Articles | Metrics

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Feasibility analysis of the collaboration by fire and rescue teams and forest fire-fighting teams ZHANG Fu-shan, BAI Ye, WU Ying-da, 2021, 40 (9):  1414-1417.  Abstract ( 1753 )   The responsibilities and tasks for the two teams of fire and rescue team and forest fire-fighting team were compared by making a table. The typical equipment in fire-fighting and rescue tasks were explicated. The specific role played by the fire and rescue teams when participating in forest and grassland firefighting and the specific role played by the forest fire-fighting teams when participating in urban and rural fire-fighting were pointed out. This paper also presents the problems and countermeasures of the two teams in collaborative firefighting. It's suggested that the two teams should strengthen cooperation in improving the command system of fire-fighting headquarters, comprehensive personnel training, technical and tactical research, joint training and joint operations, etc. Related Articles | Metrics