Aiming at the fire problem of electric bicycle charging shed, this paper developed a special water foam sprinkler system, and carried out a physical fire test. Test the fire temperature of electric bicycle under three working conditions, including the fire during normal parking, the fire during parking at the boarder, and the fire under strong wind and nozzle blockage, verify the reliability of water foam sprinkler system in fighting electric bicycle fire, obtain the key parameters such as nozzle working pressure, shed top and body temperature, and heat flow density around the vehicle, and provide technical support for the fire protection design and standard formulation of electric bicycle charging shed.

In order to solve the problem that it is difficult to predict the scenario evolution process of oil storage tank fire accident, the complex network theory is used to study the scenario evolution process of oil storage tank fire accident. Firstly, 72 oil storage tank fire cases are analyzed, 13 typical scenarios are identified as nodes, and the accident chain network is constructed according to the logical relationship of scenario development. Then, the risk assessment model of fire accident chain based on complex network is established to evaluate the importance of nodes and the risk degree of connecting edges between nodes. Finally, the explosion accident of Gulei PX project in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province was taken as an example to verify the feasibility and reliability of the proposed method. The research shows that the risk analysis model can reveal the key nodes and correlation in the oil storage tank fire accident chain, analyze the development direction of the accident chain in time, and improve the ability of emergency rescue teams to deal with oil storage tank fire accidents.

In order to study the combustion characteristics of the storage unit of the box type automatic warehouse, a 3 MW calorimeter was used to carry out full-scale combustion characteristics tests of typical containers with different materials, different types and different placement modes. The essential parameters of fire spread behavior, heat release rate, combustion calorific value, radiant heat distribution were analyzed. The results show that the development process of single polypropylene and high density polyethylene open-top container in the combustion growth stage is slow fire, the heat release rate shows zigzag fluctuations in the relatively stable combustion stage. When a single polyethylene inclined container is burned, there are three peaks of heat release rate due to different box structures and the rate of fire growth varies between a slow fire and a near fast fire. Under experimental conditions, the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate of the double-group tandem open plastic box combustion are 8 times and 4 times of the single group value, and the fire heat release growth rate is increased by 24 times. Considering the actual dense storage conditions, there is the possibility that the flame will jump the narrow roadway and spread to the adjacent shelves.

The effects of different qualities of perlite, dopamine-coated perlite, and SiO2 powder on the shape of flame propagation, methane explosion pressure, and flame propagation velocity were investigated by using a self-constructed experimental platform with 9.5% methane as the explosive gas. Thermogravimetric analysis, particle size analysis, XRD analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the thermal stability as well as the surface microcosmic condition of perlite powder before and after coating, and to analyze the detonation suppression mechanism of modified perlite by comparison. Through a variety of data comparisons, the three powders have the effect of inhibiting methane explosion, in which the effect of dopamine-coated perlite is the most obvious, spraying 320 mg working conditions of the maximum explosion pressure is the smallest, compared with the percentage of pure methane decreased by 62.3%, the maximum propagation of the flame of the 360 mg is the smallest, a decrease of 42.6%. The addition of dopamine-coated perlite powder hinders flame propagation and interrupts the chain reaction of methane explosion through chemical and physical suppression of methane explosion, thus achieving the effect of methane explosion suppression.

In this study, a new method for evaluating the combustion performance of material monomers based on flame image recognition technology was proposed. In view of the limitations of the existing combustion test methods, such as insufficient measurement of process parameters and the influence of test scale, we used image recognition technology to measure the variation law of flame in the single burning item test (SBI), and established the mapping relationship between the combustion heating power of building materials and the area of flame luminous pixels. In the experiment, an intelligent camera system based on the Raspberry Pi and IMX477R camera module was used to process the flame image through OpenCV and Python algorithms, and the number of flame pixels was quantified. The FDS simulation software was used to simulate the flames with different combustion powers, and compared with the experimental data, the feasibility of the proposed method was verified. The results show that there is a nearly linear relationship between the flame burning power and the number of white pixels at the same viewing angle. In addition, the combustion performance level judgment based on visual analysis uses 60 kW of combustion energy as the safety threshold, which can quickly distinguish between refractory and combustible materials.

This study mainly utilizes a designed and modified spontaneous combustion testing device for accumulated aluminum dust and a testing platform for basic dust parameters, combined with theoretical analysis to investigate the development patterns of spontaneous combustion characteristics of accumulated aluminum dust under different factors. Research has shown that as the initial ambient temperature increases, the induction time of accumulated aluminum dust decreases, while the ignition delay time decreases; As the initial particle size increases, the delay period of accumulated aluminum dust gradually lengthens, and the induction period of dust spontaneous combustion also basically lengthens; The aluminum powder dust layers with a stacking thickness of 2, 3 cm all experienced spontaneous combustion, but the aluminum powder dust layer with a stacking thickness of 1 cm did not undergo spontaneous combustion. For the dust that ultimately underwent spontaneous combustion, the induction time and ignition delay time decreased with the increase of stacking thickness; According to the Semenov combustion theory, a theoretical calculation and estimation of the critical temperature were conducted, and the results were compared with experimental test values. The results were in good agreement, proving the accuracy of the experimental testing equipment and the feasibility of theoretical approximate calculations.

Many cultural relics and ancient buildings in our country distribute in forest environment, if forest fire occurs, it is very easy to cause fire and damage of cultural relic buildings. In view of this situation, this paper proposes an evaluation model of fire disposal capacity of cultural relics and ancient buildings in forest environment, which innovatively integrates "forest fire", "climatic conditions" and other influencing factors into the evaluation system, including four intermediate layers of "external firefighting and rescue strength, own firefighting and rescue strength, own influencing factors and forest influencing factors", and 16 indicators. The index weights were determined by inviting experts to adopt the analytic hierarchy process. The model is used to evaluate a typical ancient building in Yuelu Mountain, and the score is 72.73. According to the weight and score of each index of the ancient building, some suggestions are put forward to improve the fire disposal capacity, which shows the scientific rationality and maneuverability of the evaluation method, and has reference significance for scientific firefighting and rescue work of cultural relics and ancient buildings.

The use of wooden structures as the main structure in ancient buildings has led to frequent human caused fires. Due to the large and long-term ignition, burning, and other situations in ancient buildings for worship, lighting, or creating an atmosphere, it seriously interferes and affects the conventional point type smoke detectors, suction type, linear light beams, and image type fire detectors installed inside the building, resulting in a high false alarm rate. Therefore, this article proposes a new method for identifying controlled fire interference in ancient buildings based on artificial intelligence image processing technology, aiming at the technical difficulties of fire early warning and detection in large spaces inside large ancient buildings. Through the design of fire intelligent detection algorithms and controlled fire intelligent identification and confirmation algorithms, the intelligent identification of "behavior" image features of real fires and controlled fires in typical scenarios is achieved. The experimental results show that this method can provide warning prompts for both real and controlled fires within 4 s, effectively solving the technical difficulties of fire prevention and control in large ancient buildings.

To study the effect of pedestrian convergence and counterflow movements on the evacuation efficiency in the highChangsha rise buildings under different stair designs，a simulation model was established using Pathfinder and three types of staircase designs were considered: no transition platform，one transition platform，and two transition platforms，as well as the pedestrian movement characteristics in three evacuation modes: unidirectional without convergence，unidirectional with convergence，and bidirectional with counterflow. The following conclusions were drawn: significant differences exist in the evacuation processes under different staircase designs; Factors determining evacuation time in the model are primarily evacuation distance and the degree of congestion; under conditions without convergence，the evacuation efficiency decreases with the increasing of evacuation distance，while under converged conditions，the evacuation distance and degree of congestion interact，and the stairwell model has the best evacuation performance with one transition platform; The presence of counterflow pedestrians reduces the overall evacuation efficiency; The impact of an increase in counterflow pedestrians on overall evacuation time varies with different staircase types.

In order to enrich the basic data of fire load in traditional wood-framed villages in China, this study took the traditional village of Lijiang Stone Town as the object of investigation, and selected 70 local residential houses, 18 inns and 2 office buildings as samples to investigate the types and densities of fire load of wooden buildings in the village. The results show that the mean value of total fire load density of residential buildings is 2 762 MJ/m2, the mean value for total fire load density of inns is 3 329.19 MJ/m2, and the mean value for fire load density of office buildings is 2 608.15 MJ/m2. The fire load densities of residential buildings and inns in this area obey the normal distribution.

This paper presents the structural characteristics and fire detection and suppression research issues of large space buildings (including high large space buildings and large flat space buildings). The current research status of fire detection, suppression, and smoke control strategy is clarified, and suitable detection and suppression technologies are proposed for large space buildings. Finally, the frontier issues, including research on more precise detection and positioning technologies, efficient smoke control strategies, and the development of new fire protection and smoke control technologies, are pointed out.

The flow characteristics of the pipe network of the perfluorophenone fire extinguishing system have an important influence on the time and state of the fire extinguishing agent injection, which in turn affects the fire extinguishing efficiency of the whole system. In this paper, a fluid mechanics model has been adopted to calculate the pipe flow of the perfluorohexanone fire extinguishing system. Different stages of the pipe flow process have been analyzed qualitatively, and the important characteristic pa⁃rameters such as pipe pressure, flow rate and agent discharge time in each stage have been studied quantitatively. The study revealed the pipe flow characteristics of the perfluorohexanone fire extinguishing system, providing a theoretical basis for further engineering design and calculation of the system pipe network.

In order to investigate the influence of the high altitude low pressure environment on water mist fire extinguishing effectiveness. Carried out a series of fine water fog field characteristics of different environmental pressure experiments and fire extinguishing experiments, studied high altitude low pressure environmental conditions on the spray characteristics of the relationship, revealed the fire extinguishing mechanism of fine water mist in low-pressure environments. Research has shown that in high-altitude low-pressure environments, with a constant nozzle cone angle, increasing the nozzle flow coefficient K results in a higher water mist flow rate in low-pressure areas under the same working pressure. Compared with normal pressure, air density decreases with decreasing pressure, and the interaction between water mist and surrounding air weakens when sprayed out of the nozzle, resulting in an increase in water mist particle size. Through fire extinguishing experiments, it has been verified that fine water mist improves the cooling effect on high-temperature fuel surfaces in low-pressure environments without changing the dilution and oxygen isolation function. Therefore, fine water mist has better fire extinguishing efficiency in low-pressure environments.

Safety risk factors in molten salt solar thermal power generation systems were analyzed through simulation and experimental research methods. The results indicate that the main risks include optical hazards, high heat flux density, high-temperature environments, and corrosion leakage of molten salts within the concentrating solar power system. The peak heat flux density in trough solar thermal systems reaches 43.7×104 W/m2, with an average exceeding 1.8×104 W/m2. The heat flux density in tower solar thermal systems is higher than that in trough systems, and incorrect focusing can easily lead to fires and scalding accidents. Molten salts, operating at high temperatures (120~600 °C), can reduce the strength of system materials and cause significant corrosion to the steel components, leading to safety incidents. At a flow rate of 3 m/s, mixed nitrates increase the corrosion weight loss rate of stainless steels 316 and 321 to 0.023 kg/m2 and 0.024 kg/m2, respectively, which is a 44% and 35% increase compared to static corrosion. After 360 hours of static corrosion, mixed carbonates cause a mass loss of 0.236 kg/m2 for stainless steel 304. To prevent and control these risks, measures including protection of the solar mirror field, fire accident protection for working fluids, fire protection design, and corrosion leakage protection have been proposed.

Heat pump drying equipment is a new type of fire hose drying equipment, in order to solve the problem of large energy waste of heat pump drying equipment, a fire hose heat pump drying equipment with bypass exhaust based on air source heat pump has been developed. In order to evaluate the influence of bypass and exhaust strategies on the drying characteristics of fire hoses, a performance test of fire hose heat pump device was designed. The test results show that after the implementation of the exhaust strategy, the heating coefficient of the system is increased by 2.8%, and the dehumidification capacity per unit energy consumption is increased by 13.5%. After the implementation of the bypass strategy, the heating coefficient of the system increased by 8.5% and the dehumidification capacity per unit of energy consumption increased by 24.5%. The final results of the study show that compared with the traditional open-close integrated drying mode, the combined operation mode of bypass and exhaust is more effective in terms of energy saving.

The high-strength steel BS700 is commonly used as a structural component for the boom of aerial fire truck over 70 m, and its high-temperature mechanical properties determine the structural safety of the boom when it is in service near fire. The high-temperature mechanical properties of BS700 steel were tested using steady-state tensile testing and constant temperature and load uniaxial tensile testing methods at 20~1 000 ℃. The mechanical property parameters and stress-strain relationship curves at different temperatures were obtained, and its creep performance at temperatures 300~500 ℃ was investigated. The results show that the yield strength and ultimate strength of BS700 steel gradually decrease with increasing temperature, nearly decaying by 50% at 500 ℃, being only 30% of room temperature at 600 ℃, and being less than 10% when the temperature exceeds 800 ℃. Within 400 ℃, the temperature has little effect on the post-yield elongation rate of BS700 steel, but after that, as the temperature further increases, the post-yield elongation rate increases sharply. When the temperature is between 300 ℃ and 400 ℃ and the stress is 380 MPa, the maximum creep strain of BS700 does not exceed 0.4%; however, at 500 ℃ under the same stress conditions, the maximum creep strain reaches 10%. Based on the measured experimental data, a mathematical model was established through polynomial fitting to describe the variation law of high-temperature mechanical property parameters of BS700 high-strength steel with temperature, providing a theoretical basis for designing the safe structural strength of booms of aerial fire truck over 70 m.

In order to improve the efficiency of pure electric vehicle fire fighting and to ensure the safety of fire and rescue personnel, on the basis of the case analysis, the fire causes and fire characteristics of pure electric vehicles are summarized. According to the needs of basic fire fighting and rescue, a modular new energy vehicle fire fighting robot is designed, and its structure and working principle are briefly summarized. Based on the current research progress of fire rescue technology, this paper proposes a fighting tactic of applying chassis fire extinguishing robot to improve the efficiency of fire extinguishing agent, which is proved to have certain guiding significance for fire fighting of pure electric vehicle fire.

As a powder fire extinguishing material, good flowability plays an important role in the extinguishing effect of dry water, as well as in its future large-scale industrial production and storage. The present study investigates the impact of different lubricants and their concentrations on the flow properties of dry water by modifying it with three selected lubricants, talc powder, magnesium stearate, and glyceryl behenate. The influence of different lubricants and their contents on the flow performance of dry water fire extinguishing materials was studied through performance tests such as angle of repose, mass velocity, microstructure, and particle size distribution. The results showed that dry water modified with 1% glyceryl behenate exhibited the best fluidity, with an average angle of repose of 28.889° and an average mass velocity of 11.90 g/s, which was 24% higher than that of pure dry water.

In order to study the hydrothermal aging characteristics of glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester resin fire barrier, the equivalent hydrothermal aging treatment of fire barrier was carried out in combination with the actual temperature and humidity environment and accelerated aging model in cable tunnel. The microstructure, thermal stability, combustion performance and mechanical properties of the samples were tested by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric test, oxygen index test and impact strength test. The results show that white powder precipitates on the surface of the sample after 1 cycle of aging, and obvious cracks appear on the section after 3 cycles of aging. The microstructure diagram shows that the resin in the sample falls off from the glass fiber after 2 cycles of aging, and a large amount of glass fiber is exposed after 5 cycles of aging. The peak mass loss rate of the sample eventually increased by 45%. The impact strength finally decreased by 41.6%. The bending strength finally decreased by 47.3%. The bending strength of water absorption finally decreased by 42.5%. It shows that the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the samples decreased significantly after hygrothermal aging. The oxygen index of the sample was finally increased by 28.7%. The smoke density meets the technical specifications. The above two tests cannot be used as an indicator to judge the performance degradation of the fire barrier after hygrothermal aging.

To effectively address forest fires, remote sensing technology is widely used for fire monitoring and prediction. Remote sensing technology offers rapid data collection, real-time dynamic monitoring, and broad coverage, which enhances the timeliness and accuracy of fire response, thereby better safeguarding public safety and property. Using CiteSpace for visual analysis of research outcomes in remote sensing and forest fires, the current application research and methodologies are summarized, highlighting ing key areas and future directions to provide a reference for future research in this domain. An analysis of relevant literature reveals that the number of publications in this field is growing annually; the correlation among authors is relatively low; research on remote sensing and forest fires primarily focuses on the causes and influencing factors; and recent advancements increasingly integrate remote sensing technology with fire detection algorithms to improve detection accuracy and efficiency.

Smoke at the forest fire scene is prone to obscure the information of fire field elements, thus seriously interfering with the implementation of remote sensing technology tools such as fire point localization. In this paper, an improved CycleGAN network algorithm for non-homogeneous smoke filtering in fire scene is proposed. The algorithm combines a wavelet transform branch with a knowledge distillation branch containing Res2Net module and attention module to form a generator, introduces a PatchGAN network as a discriminator, and at the same time adds perceptual loss and mapping loss functions on the basis of CycleGAN. The algorithm realizes the recovery of fire details and can effectively remove forest fire image artifacts. In order to verify the effectiveness of the model, the effect of the algorithm is compared with the existing de-fogging algorithms based on the international typical dataset NH-HAZE and the mesoscale point-burning experimental dataset. The results show that the algorithm's de-fogging effect is significantly improved compared with the existing model (compared with the second place, the PSNR and SSIM values are improved by at least 2.4 dB and 2.07 dB,0.02 and 0.15, respectively), which is able to improve the quality of remote sensing monitoring of forest fires, and it can provide richer and more valuable key information about the fire scene for forest fire fighting decision-making.

A forest fire prediction model was established in the forest areas of Hunan Province, to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention, control and management of forest fires. Extracted forest fire hotspot monitoring satellite data from 2016 to 2020, and used ArcGIS 10.7 to establish random points that formed 1:1 data with fire points, making the data conform to binomial distribution. Spatial information was extracted from 24 types of driving factors such as daily average maximum temperature, daily average precipitation, sunshine duration, and altitude, and GWR 4.0 was used to predict and analyze the driving factors that affect the forest fires. A forest fire prediction model for the region was built, using AIC, BIC, ROC curves, and AUC for model fitting testing, and conduct fire risk zoning for the region. The research results indicate that: nine variables, including "daily average wind speed" "daily average pressure" "sunshine time" "daily average temperature" "daily average relative humidity" "altitude", and "normalized index value", are the driving factors; The GWLR model has a good fitting effect, with an AUC value of 0.966 and an optimal classification threshold of 0.810; In the fire risk zoning, medium to high fire risk areas are mainly concentrated in the central and southern regions of Hunan Province, and this area should further strengthen the publicity and education of forest fire prevention, establish and improve the control of outdoor fire pipes, and strengthen the construction of infrastructure in key fire risk areas.

With the restructuring and transfer of China's fire and rescue forces, their functions have been significantly expanded, focusing on the mission of “all types of disasters and major emergencies” and striving to achieve significant progress and breakthroughs in the new environment. However, the current education and training system is not fully able to meet the new demands brought by this transformation. In view of this, this article delves into the education and training system for fire personnel in the United States, detailing the recruitment and selection process, the training and induction procedures, as well as the specific training content and methods. Then it highlights problems within China's firefighting training system, including uneven distribution of training resources, insufficient training content, and a lack of practical feedback mechanisms. Drawing upon in-depth research into the US system, the article proposes strategies for optimizing China's firefighting training framework, such as the establishment of a comprehensive firefighting educational and training system, the enhancement of public firefighting education and cultural development, the improvement of the firefighting legal and regulatory framework, and a focus on practice, appliance and international communication. Borrowing advanced practices from the US firefighting training system holds significant importance for enhancing the professional quality of China's firefighters and their ability to respond to emergencies.

To meet the requirements for high-level and comprehensive emergency rescue talents under the overall emergency framework, this article proposes a comprehensive talent cultivation model for emergency rescue professionals from three aspects: deepening the theoretical knowledge system of emergency response, strengthening the cultivation of practical skills for emergency response, and promoting the overall quality enhancement. Firstly, based on the four-phase lifecycle process of prevention, preparation, response, and recovery in emergency response, a stereoscopic basic theoretical knowledge system of emergency response is constructed with emergency management and emergency technology as two axes. Then, with schools as the leading role and leveraging the professional advantages of training bases, the cultivation of emergency response skills for all types of disasters is strengthened. Finally, a collaborative practice-oriented education model integrating "government, industry, academia, research, and application" is established to enhance the comprehensive quality of emergency response talents, meeting the needs of multiple stakeholders, including capabilities in emergency management, emergency technology application, and emergency innovation practice. By exploring the comprehensive talent cultivation model for emergency rescue under the framework of big emergency, in conjunction with the work content and practical application of the big emergency, a close connection between talent development and practical work requirements can be established, providing a reference for cultivating high-level applied talents for emergency response capable of adapting to various disasters, covering the entire lifecycle, and serving multiple stakeholders under the big emergency strategy.

In order to effectively cope with all kinds of emergencies in the FMCG market and improve the supply capacity of the FMCG system, it is particularly important to quantitatively assess the supply capacity of FMCG and construct and improve the FMCG supply capacity assessment system. Firstly, the hierarchical analysis method is used to determine the key indicators and their weights that affect the supply capacity of FMCG under the background of emergencies through scientific decomposition and comprehensive comparison, so as to ensure the comprehensiveness and rationality of the assessment system, and ultimately obtain 4 first-level indicators and 20 second-level indicators. Secondly, FMCG enterprise K’s supply capacity during the epidemic is evaluated in depth by combining the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results show that the overall supply capacity of fast-moving consumer goods company K was excellent during the epidemic period, with scores of 4.5 or above in four aspects: pre prevention, incident response, in-process disposal, and post recovery, reaching a "very good" level.

Combined with the national new energy vehicle fire investigation data collection work, a new energy vehicle fire investigation system based on big data is proposed and developed. The system aims to improve the fire investigation efficiency, early warning capability and safety of fire accidents by integrating multi-source data and applying advanced data analysis technology. The overall architecture of the system is divided into data collection layer, data storage and management layer, data processing and analysis layer, application service layer and user interaction layer. By collecting and analyzing on-board sensor data, external environment data, and accident and maintenance data, the system realizes in-depth mining and correlation analysis of fire causes.

this paper introduces a case of fire accident in a lithium-ion battery factory. The cause of the fire was accurately identified through video analysis, on-site investigation, investigation and inquiry, and physical evidence detection. A professional analysis of the lithium-ion battery products provided by the manufacturer using non-destructive and destructive testing determined that the product quality problems of the polymer lithium battery in the activation room were the direct cause of the accident, the internal short circuit of polymer lithium battery leads to the rupture of the battery shell, which leads to spontaneous combustion. The study can provide reference for similar fire investigation, at the same time, fire prevention measures and safety management measures for lithium-ion battery production plants are proposed.