In order to obtain deeper insights into the protective effect of fire-retardant coating on historic buildings with wooden structures and to improve the overall fire safety, this paper carried out comparative experiments by constructing a reduced-size wooden model. The differences in fire spread, temperature rise characteristics and burn marks with and without fire-retardant coating under different fire conditions were investigated. Compared with the oil pool fire, it takes longer time for the wood stack fire source to ignite the surrounding wooden boards. Fire-retardant coating was effective in slowing down the rate of fire spread, reducing the probability of re-ignition and minimizing the area burned by the flames. These experiments provide basic data and important references for the improvement and refinement of the application of passive fire protection technology in the fire safety of the historic buildings.

This article introduces the fire situation of cultural relics and ancient buildings in the past 5 years, summarizes the fire risk characteristics of ancient buildings through typical fire cases, and analyzes the ancient people's fire prevention awareness and fire protection technical measures reflected in ancient buildings. Suggestions have been put forward for the fire safety protection measures of cultural relics and ancient buildings. On the basis of maintaining the original appearance of ancient buildings, the research and utilization of fire safety culture in ancient buildings should be strengthened, the threshold for opening key cultural relics and ancient buildings to visitors should be raised, and the Tianyi Pavilion management model should be used as a reference. In particular, strict control of fire sources should be implemented to enhance public awareness of fire safety protection for cultural relics and ancient buildings.

In order to study the thermal runaway gas production behavior of lithium iron phosphate batteries, this paper selects 105 Ah lithium iron phosphate batteries, and analyses the thermal runaway process and gas production characteristics of the batteries under overheating and overcharging conditions. It has been found that overcharging can directly cause electrochemical reactions between battery electrodes and electrolyte. Therefore, compared with the thermal runaway of the battery caused by overheating, the proportion of H2 generated by thermal runaway of the battery caused by overcharging decreases and the proportion of CO increases. When the overcharge rate increases, the total amount of CO and H2 produced by the thermal runaway of the battery becomes larger, the maximum gas production rate also becomes larger, and the maximum gas production rate of the battery at the overcharge rate of 1.0C and 1.5C is 0.845 g/s and 1.411 g/s separately. Compared with the overheating condition, the overcharging produces more gas mixture. The research results can provide support for the safety designs of energy storage systems.

In order to solve the problems such as long detection period and easy cross interference in traditional detection methods of thermal runaway gas of lithium ion batteries, the potential risk of pyrolysis gas of lithium batteries were systematically and quantitatively studied. In this paper, gas Raman spectroscopy combined with a variety of gas safety quantitative analysis methods was proposed to comprehensively study the toxicity and potential explosion risk of ternary lithium-ion battery pyrolysis gas. Based on the established thermal runaway characteristic gas prediction model, the variation law of thermal runaway gas concentration, gas generation, explosion limit, pressure characteristics and explosion severity of lithium-ion battery under different SOC (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) was emphatically analyzed, and the battery fire toxicity was evaluated in combination with the actual scenario. The research shows that: The Raman spectral gas concentration quantitative model can accurately predict the thermal runaway gas concentration information of lithium-ion batteries. H2, CO2 and CO concentrations account for 80.31%~94.56% of the total thermal runaway gas released. The maximum pressure, maximum pressure boost rate, explosion index and gas explosion limit range show a trend of decreasing first and then increasing with the increase of SOC. Lithium-ion batteries with 50%SOC show the best gas safety, with the narrowest explosion limit range of 9.66% to 25.27%, and battery fires are disastrously toxic.

In order to analyze the importance of mounting and fixing method of specimens for reaction to fire test, and improve the consistency and accuracy of burning behavior and classification evaluation, this article is based on the burning behavior classification evaluation method in GB 8624-2012, Classification for burning behavior of building materials and products, and carry out the SBI test, explores the influence of factors such as test substrate, specimen joints, specimen fixing method, air gap, and specimen fire surface on burning behavior for building materials. The experimental comparison shows that the factors related to the installation of specimens have a significant impact on the test results. Different installation methods of the specimens can lead to significant differences in the test results. Therefore, when conducting reaction to fire test and fire performance classification evaluation, the mounting and fixing method of the specimen should be determined based on the end-use application of the material.

Overcharge is one of the primary factors that can trigger thermal runaway. However, there is a lack of discussion on the characteristics of thermal runaway behavior in energy storage battery cells with different capacities, and the variation rules of thermal runaway behaviors has not been clearly revealed. In this study, overcharge experiments were conducted on prismatic li-ion batteries of varying capacities. The results indicate that the battery compression force is the most sensitive parameter that changes early in thermal runaway, serving as an early warning signal. As the overcharging current rate increases, the distribution of heat and gas release during different stages of thermal runaway changes completely, leading to an increase in the total gas production. When the battery capacity is increased from 50 Ah to 280 Ah, both the gas production and heat generation increase rapidly with the gas release per unit capacity more than doubling, which significantly enhances the risk of thermal runaway.

In order to study the mechanical properties of rubber materials used for seismic isolation devices in construction projects under high temperatures, this paper conducted mechanical tests on the tensile, shear, and compressive properties of rubber materials at room and high temperatures, and obtained the damage law of mechanical properties of rubber materials at high temperatures. By fitting experimental data, the high-temperature constitutive relationship and related parameter calculation formulas of rubber materials were obtained, providing a basis for the real basic mechanical performance parameters under high temperature for numerical simulation analysis of isolation devices in the future.

In order to study the collapse mechanism of the stainless steel umbrella structure under actual fire scenarios, this paper establishes and validates a finite element analysis model based on the fire test of a stainless steel umbrella structure with a scaled-down size of 1：4. The thermal-structural coupling analysis method is then employed to research the fire-resistant performance of the structure under different fire scenarios. The results demonstrate that the relocation of the fire source has a considerable impact on the fire resistance performance of the umbrella structure. When the fire source is at the same horizontal height, the fire that occurs under the secondary strut with a small cross-sectional area will cause the entire structure to collapse and suffer damage, whereas when the fire source is located under the primary strut, it will only cause localised damage to the structure in the area under fire, with the remaining structure retaining a certain load-bearing capacity.

This article takes the Chengdu Metro Traditional Chinese Medicine Provincial Hospital Station as the research object, and conducts on-site testing on the effectiveness of the existing auxiliary smoke exhaust system. From the aspects of air valve sealing, auxiliary smoke exhaust mode, and auxiliary smoke exhaust pipeline, the optimization of the existing auxiliary smoke exhaust mode is analyzed, and corresponding optimization plans are proposed. Finally, the feasibility of the optimization plan is verified through on-site testing. The main conclusions are: The airtightness of the combined air valve has a significant impact on the auxiliary smoke exhaust effect; Simultaneously opening both ends of the platform and the middle platform doors to assist in smoke exhaust can effectively solve the problem of uneven wind speed in different positions of escalators, and better meet the requirement of downward airflow of 1.5 m/s for all escalators; When TVF and OTE fans assist in smoke exhaust, there is a mutual cancellation effect at the end door, and only opening the TVF fan for auxiliary smoke exhaust has a better effect; Only opening the platform door on one side of the platform can reduce the air leakage points in the section tunnel and increase the wind speed at the entrance of the escalator.

The current codes have no clear provisions on how to carry out effective fire protection design for external concrete-filled steel tube columns and their joints located out of the external wall system for super high-rise buildings. In this paper, the joint of external concrete-filled steel tubular columns in a super high-rise building was studied. Based on FDS simulation, the most severe temperature curve for the external joint was determined, the mechanical performance and fire resistance rating of the joint were calculated, and the fire protection design of the external joint node was also proposed. Furthermore, fire resistance test was conducted to examine the temperature raise of the joint, and the test results align well with theoretical calculations. As a result, the effectiveness of the fire protection for the joint node was verified.

Fire is one of the biggest challenges to the safety of large airplanes, and the complete aircraft fire protection design and fire protection system design are the two key aspects of aircraft fire safety design. It is proposed that the aircraft fire safety design should start from the source, implement the idea of "prevention first, combining exploration and extinguishing", and realize the high safety and survivability of the aircraft. Firstly, it analyzes the characteristics of large aircraft fire, secondly, it discusses the fire safety design objectives and design ideas of large aircraft, and finally, it gives the specific design countermeasures from the aspects of whole aircraft fire prevention and fire prevention system design.

In order to study the feasibility of adopting different smoke exhaust modes in two adjacent smoke control zones of flat large space buildings, based on FDS, the effects of fire location, smoke exhaust modes, smoke exhaust and air supplement on smoke temperature distribution, heat layer height and airflow mass flow are compared and analyzed, and the feasibility of adopting different smoke exhaust modes in adjacent smoke control zones of flat large space buildings is discussed. The results show that the single natural smoke exhaust mode has the best smoke exhaust effect; The smoke exhaust effect of the compound smoke exhaust mode with the effective smoke exhaust area of the external window of 3.16% of the floor area is better than that of the single mechanical smoke exhaust mode; The mechanical smoke exhaust mode disturbs the smoke stratification, the airflow exchange between smoke control zones is more intense, and the temperature is higher on the height of personnel characteristics, which is not conducive to the safe evacuation of personnel; The smoke retaining vertical wall can effectively store smoke and delay the spread of smoke, and limit the high-temperature smoke in the fire zone.

FK-5-1-12, known for its efficiency and cleanliness as a fire extinguishing agent, requires an effective release mode to fully utilize its capabilities. In order to assess the impact of different release modes on the performance of FK-5-1-12, a 20 mL n-heptane oil pan fire was used as a model for class B flames. The research utilized 1.2 MPa N2 filling and 2 g of nitrogen-rich gas-producing substances (NGS) to facilitate the release of FK-5-1-12. The research focused on comparing and analyzing the fire extinguishing effectiveness, cooling capacity, and mechanisms of FK-5-1-12 on class B flames under these two release modes. The research revealed that application pressure had a significant impact on the fire extinguishing effectiveness of FK-5-1-12. When released through the high-pressure gas flow generated by NGS, FK-5-1-12 showed better performance in extinguishing time, cooling effect, and flame suppression compared to the N2 drive release mode. Mechanistic analysis indicated that a substantial amount of FK-5-1-12 in the 1.2 MPa N2 drive did not reach the flame surface due to volatilization during release. In contrast, FK-5-1-12 effectively reached the burning surface of the flame with the influence of the high-pressure gas flow produced by only 2 g of NGS. Upon reaching the flame, FK-5-1-12 decomposed by absorbing heat, exerted a chemical inhibition effect, and rapidly halted the combustion reaction.

In view of the pollution caused by spodumene tailings stacking and improving passive fire resistance of building materials, this study prepared spodumene-based geopolymer Si-C-P flame-retarding coatings through chitosan hydrochloride modification technology. Cone calorimeter test results show that: Appropriate amount of chitosan hydrochloride （mass fraction of 0.8%） enhanced the flame retardant index （FRI） of the composite coating increasing from 1.00 to 3.52, and the total smoke production （TSP） decreased from 3 347.16 m2 to 1 688.66 m2. The acicular amorphous carbon formed by chitosan hydrochloride increased the specific surface area of the residue. The more resilient and robust Si-C-P composite residues formed, improving the flame retardancy of the geopolymer coating.

In order to further standardize the applicable fire types and fire extinguishing application scenarios of water-based types extinguishing agents such as foam extinguishing agents and water based extinguishing agents, clarify the misunderstanding of the above two types fire extinguishing agents, select the widely used aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agent and water based extinguishing agent, according to the standard test method stipulated in GB 15308-2006 Foam extinguishing agent, the comparative test of surface tension, interface tension, expansion, 25% drainage time and fire extinguishing performance were studied. The results show that when the foam generating device is used for water-based type extinguishing agents, the key performance of aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agent, especially the effect of liquid fire extinguishing, is better than that of water based extinguishing agents, and most of the water based extinguishing agents can not achieve the effect of liquid fire fighting. Therefore, based on the comparative test results and product standard performance requirements of water-based types extinguishing agent, suggested that the application scenarios of water based extinguishing agent is to fill water-based fire extinguishers, to fight solid and liquid early fire, and foam extinguishing agent should be combined with fixed foam fire extinguishing system and mobile fire fighting equipment like fire truck to fight the large liquid fire of petrochemical tank scenarios.

In order to guide the treatment and reuse of fire sewage, two typical refined oils of diesel and gasoline and two micron solid powders of silica gel and silicon dioxide were selected to mix sewage with different mass fraction, and the influence of oil and solid content on foaming properties is tested. The experimental results show that when the mass fraction is 0~3%, diesel mainly affects the expansion ratio, with a decrease of 40.15%, gasoline mainly affects the 25% drainage time, with a decrease of 33.05%. Solid particles (Φ>10 µm) have an effect on both expansion ratio and 25% drainage time, with the former decreasing by 25.22% and the latter decreasing by 18.49%.

In order to achieve remote over temperature alarm when structural components reach their fire resistance limit in building fires, a critical temperature remote over temperature alarm device for structural components was developed using the characteristics of fixed melting point of different alloy materials at high temperatures, combined with controller area network bus technology, and experimental verification was carried out. The arrangement of temperature sensing alloys on H-shaped steel column components was analyzed using finite element method. The factors affecting the critical temperature on the surface of H-shaped steel columns when they reach their fire resistance limit under the influence of the standard heating curve have been clarified, and a calculation method for the critical temperature of H-shaped steel columns has been proposed. The research results indicate that the developed alarm device can achieve over temperature alarm when the structural components reach the fire resistance limit, and the effectiveness of the alarm device has been verified through experiments; Temperature sensing alloys should be arranged at any position on the surface of steel components within the middle 2/3 column height range of H-shaped steel columns; The constraint method, load ratio, section size, and aspect ratio have a significant impact on the critical surface temperature of H-shaped steel column components.

In this paper, geometric models of throttling parts with three different structures are established based on the characteristics of pressure proportioner. The numerical simulation of the proportioner with different throttling parts is carried out by using Fluent software to analyze the pressure distribution and velocity distribution under design conditions.And through experiments, the mixing ratio and pressure loss of the three proportioner with different structures are studied. The influence of the structure characteristics of different pressure proportioner on the main performance parameters are analyzed. In the comparison of experimental and simulation results,the relative error of pressure loss under high flow rate is within ±10%, which provides a theoretical reference for the design calculation, selection and structure optimization of the proportional mixer.

In order to further enhance the work level and professional skills of fire supervision inspectors, improve the ability of units to implement the main responsibility of fire safety, and enrich and improve the learning methods of fire supervision and inspection work through information and digital means, this article constructs a three-dimensional digital system platform for fire supervision and inspection. The 3D digital system for fire supervision and inspection realizes the model construction of urban complex 3D scenes and automatic fire protection systems, simulation of fault states, training and assessment of supervision and inspection knowledge points, user and score management, and other functions. It can achieve three-dimensional roaming learning and immersive assessment for trainees. Introduced the system characteristics, composition framework, system functions, and application suggestions of the 3D digital system, and the system can greatly improve learning efficiency and effectiveness for trainees.

Affected by corrosion, aging, blockage and other cumulative factors, the wet alarm valve group of the automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing system in case of fire has a probability that it cannot operate on demand. In order to scientifically evaluate the ability of the wet alarm valve bank to perform predetermined functions, the safety failure modes and dangerous failure modes of the valve bank are analyzed. Through the introduction of functional safety evaluation methods, the distribution of interval deleted failure data is simulated by JMP relevant software. Example analysis showed that the failure rate function of the wet alarm valve conforms to the Weibull distribution, and then the average probability of failure on demand (PFD_avg) is calculated, and the SIL level of the valve pack is evaluated. The research method can provide references for the functional safety evaluation of other fixed fire-fighting facilities and help to improve the safety management level of fire-fighting system.

In view of the phenomenon that firefighters are required to lift the water gun hose for a long time in the current firefighting work scene and are prone to physical fatigue, a firefighting water gun exoskeleton was developed for the firefighting work scene. After the preliminary completion of the force structure design of the exoskeleton, in order to verify the reliability of the exoskeleton at work, ABAQUS finite element simulation software was used to carry out the stress and strain analysis. The finite element calculation results show that, due to the large impact load will be generated at the moment when the water gun is opened, the maximum stress of the exoskeleton under the impact of the water gun will be generated. The maximum stress of the dangerous parts of the exoskeleton under the working state is 1.639×10^-2 MPa, and the maximum deformation is 4.835×10^-3 mm. All the values are within the reasonable and safe range. After verifying the high reliability of the exoskeleton, the overall design is carried out, and the stress structure and non stress functional parts are elaborated in detail to improve the design. In the physical test, compared with the firefighting operation without wearing exoskeleton, the fireman obviously felt the lower load on the forearm used to lift the water gun while wearing exoskeleton, and the force sensation of the left and right muscles of the body was improved more evenly. Using biomechanical analysis, the force distribution of multiple joints and muscle parts in the human body during firefighting operations before and after wearing exoskeletons was analyzed. The results showed that after wearing exoskeletons, the joint force distribution improved and muscle activation decreased.

A sound layout and scheduling plan for fire stations can effectively enhance the efficiency of fire rescue operations. This study introduces the impact of demand points on server efficiency and system saturation loss rate, incorporating the complexities and uncertainties of real-world scenarios into the fire resource optimization model, and proposes an optimization model for fire station layout and scheduling based on hypercube queueing equilibrium, and designs a genetic algorithm to achieve precise and rapid solutions for the model. The results indicate that the strategy of dispatching the nearest units may negatively impact the overall effectiveness of the fire response system. By adopting more effective fire system layout and scheduling strategies, the utilization rate of fire resources, average rescue transit efficiency, and system saturation loss rate can be significantly improved.

By studying a prefabricated compartment fire of lithium iron phosphate batteries in a photovoltaic energy storage power station, and combining fire accident warning, initial disposal, fire extinguishing, accident causes and other aspects, the fire safety reliability of the energy storage power station is evaluated. The fire risk, fire design, fire prevention measures, fire management, fire extinguishing disposal and other aspects of such places are discussed, and suggestions for improving the relevant fire safety standards and regulations and fire safety measures of this type of energy storage power station are proposed.

In response to the difficulties and blockages in the current management of fire lanes, based on the full mobilization of grassroots supervision and the implementation of group prevention and control, an intelligent management cloud platform for fire lanes has been designed and established. The platform has functions such as smart parking, intelligent monitoring of fire exits, and linkage of fire forces, which can dynamically monitor community parking spaces, indirectly reflect the occupancy of fire exits, and provide real-time warnings; Meanwhile, using image acceleration extraction and inference techniques, real-time monitoring and early warning of fire exits in any scene have been achieved; One click alarm and fire location upload functions have been set up, which are linked with the fire command center to provide real-time access to the fastest route for firefighting and rescue forces, effectively improving the efficiency of firefighting and rescue operations.

To improve the utilization efficiency of big data command and decision-making information during the process of major petrochemical fires, this paper proposes a commanding information classification method of petrochemical fires to meet the needs of different decision-making levels of firefighting agents. Firstly, based on case studies and the characteristics of emergency commanding of major petrochemical fires, the key situational requirements and information sets of different agent command level are determined, and an information classification index is put forward to meet the situational requirements of each commanding agent. Secondly, based on game theory, a classification algorithm for major petrochemical fire situation information is proposed. By calculating the importance of key situation information indicators, the importance classification of situation information for different agent command levels is achieved. Finally, the calculation method proposed in this article is validated through an example. The research results show that the calculation results obtained based on this method are basically consistent with actual cases, and the conclusions can provide support for fire rescue teams to improve the utilization efficiency of command and decision-making information for major petrochemical fires and promote the construction of intelligent emergency response systems for chemical fires.