主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2024, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (6): 896-901.

• • 上一篇    下一篇

18650三元锂电池热失控危险性及燃烧痕迹特征研究

吴俊涛1, 李芳2, 杨生魁1   

  1. （1. 格尔木市金峰路消防救援站, 青海 格尔木 816000；2. 青海省消防救援总队，青海 西宁 810000）
  • 出版日期:2024-06-15 发布日期:2024-06-15
  • 作者简介:吴俊涛（1996- ），男，格尔木市西城区金峰路消防救援站站长，中级专业技术职务，硕士，主要从事防火工程及灭火救援方面的研究，青海省西宁市城北区美丽水街38号景岳湟水湾小区，816000，907406513@qq.com。
  • 基金资助:
    中国工程院咨询项目（2020-XY-28）；中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目 (2023JB011，2021JB011)

Research on the risk of thermal runaway and characteristics of combustion traces of 18650 ternary lithium batteries

Wu Juntao1, Li Fang2, Yang Shengkui1   

  1. (1. Golmud Jinfeng Road Fire and Rescue Station, Qinghai Golmud 816000, China; 2. Qinghai Fire and Rescue Brigade, Qinghai Xining 810000, China)
  • Online:2024-06-15 Published:2024-06-15

摘要： 为了研究三元锂电池的热失控风险，选取18650镍钴锰三元锂电池为研究对象，搭建电池热失控过程特征参数测量试验平台，探究锂离子电池在不同荷电状态、电滥用、热滥用情况下的热失控过程及燃烧痕迹特征。结果表明：锂电池正极集流板对电池过充、短路发生热失控具有一定的保护作用，荷电量在25%以上时，电池热失控受损程度与荷电量成正比；可以结合锂离子电池热失控前后电压、温度变化以及电池爆炸燃烧的特征现象，利用温度曲线特征峰判断发生热失控的电池状态，并结合X射线、电压变化来判断电池发生的故障状态，追溯锂电池发生火灾位置。研究成果可为锂电池设计、锂电池火灾扑救以及火灾调查提供参考依据。

关键词: 镍钴锰三元锂电池, 过充, 热失控, 温度, 燃烧痕迹

Abstract: In order to study the thermal runaway risk of ternary lithium batteries, 18650 nickel cobalt manganese ternary lithium batteries were selected as the research object, and a testing platform for measuring the characteristic parameters of battery thermal runaway process was built to explore the thermal runaway process and combustion trace characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under different states of charge, electrical abuse, and thermal abuse. The results show that the positive current collector plate of lithium batteries has a certain protective effect on thermal runaway caused by overcharging and short circuit of the battery. When the SOC is above 25%, the degree of thermal runaway damage to the battery is directly proportional to the charge. By combining the characteristics of voltage and temperature changes before and after thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, as well as the characteristics of battery explosion and combustion, the characteristic peaks of the temperature curve can be used to determine the state of the battery that has experienced thermal runaway, and X-ray and voltage changes can be combined to determine the fault state of the battery and trace the location of the fire in the lithium-ion battery. The research results can provide reference basis for lithium battery design, lithium battery fire extinguishing, and fire investigation.

Key words: nickel cobalt manganese ternary lithium battery, overcharging, thermal runaway, temperature, burning marks