主管:中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办:应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU

消防科学与技术 ›› 2024, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (5): 750-755.

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锂离子电池热失控内部压力测试方法研究

刘恩宏1, 黄文盛2, 徐成善2, 冯旭宁2   

  1. (1. 中国农业大学 工学院,北京 100083;2. 清华大学 汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室, 北京 100084)
  • 收稿日期:2024-03-22 修回日期:2024-04-17 出版日期:2024-05-15 发布日期:2024-05-15
  • 作者简介:刘恩宏(1996- ),男,云南昆明人,中国农业大学工学院科研助理,主要从事电池单体热蔓延自抑制相关研究,北京市海淀区清华东路17号,100083。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2022YFE0207900);国家自然科学基金(52076121)

Research on method to measure internal pressure of lithium-ion battery during thermal runaway

Liu Enhong1, Huang Wensheng2, Xu Chengshan2, Feng Xuning2   

  1. (1. College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)
  • Received:2024-03-22 Revised:2024-04-17 Online:2024-05-15 Published:2024-05-15

摘要: 锂离子电池作为新能源汽车等战略性产业的核心部件,安全性受到广泛关注。电池安全事故通常始于电池热失控,即电池内部出现剧烈的链式放热连锁反应,产生并释放大量可燃气体。本文提出了一种锂离子电池热失控内部压力测试方法并开展了电池热失控试验,通过测量电池热失控时的内部压力分析热失控过程。结果发现,产气会造成内部压力迅速变化,释放的1 000 ℃、0.25~0.50 MPa高温高压气体对传热散热过程有显著影响。同时,因产气造成的电池内部压力变化早于内短路造成的开路电压变化和电池产热造成的温度变化。该方法对全面研究热失控机理,提升热失控预警、排气阀设计等电池安全技术性能具有重要意义。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 电池安全, 热失控, 热蔓延, 内压测试

Abstract: As the core component of strategic industries like new energy vehicle, lithium-ion battery has received widespread attention for its safety. Battery safety incidents often begin with thermal runaway, which means chain reactions occurred with production of heat and flammable gas. A test for internal pressure of lithium-ion battery during thermal runaway is proposed, based on which experiments are conducted. On the basis of accurate data from the test, process of thermal runaway is depicted in detail, finding that gas production can quickly change internal pressure, and the gas of 1 000 ℃ and 0.25~0.50 MPa show distinctive impact on heat transfer and dissipation. Meanwhile, the change of internal pressure is earlier than that of the voltage and the temperature. This test plays an important part in researches on thermal runaway mechanism and improving battery safety technologies like thermal runaway early warning and venting valve.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, battery safety, thermal runaway, thermal runaway propagation, internal pressure test