主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2024, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (5): 716-721.

• • 上一篇    下一篇

燃料电池汽车车载氢系统潜在失效模式及原因分析

董文妍1,2, 陈向阳1,2, 杨子荣1,2, 郝冬1,2   

  1. （1.中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司,天津 300300;2.中汽研新能源汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司，天津 300300）
  • 收稿日期:2024-01-29 修回日期:2024-03-07 出版日期:2024-05-15 发布日期:2024-05-15
  • 作者简介:董文妍（1998— ），女，天津人，中汽研新能源汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司初级工程师，硕士，主要从事燃料电池汽车车载氢系统失效模式与安全评估研究，天津市东丽区雄姿道88号，300300。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目“车载储能系统安全评估技术与装备”（2021YFB2501500）

Potential failure mode and cause analysis of onboard hydrogen system of fuel cell vehicle

Dong Wenyan1,2, Chen Xiangyang1,2, Yang Zirong1,2, Hao Dong1,2   

  1. (1. China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300,China; 2. Deepal Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400023,China; 3. CATARC New Energy Vehicle Test Center (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300,China)
  • Received:2024-01-29 Revised:2024-03-07 Online:2024-05-15 Published:2024-05-15

摘要： 车载氢系统的安全性是燃料电池汽车（FCV）的核心技术指标之一，其安全性保障是实现FCV大规模商业化的重要前提。本文围绕车载氢系统的安全性，介绍了车载氢系统的组成，分析了车载氢系统及其零部件的失效模式及原因，总结了车载氢系统的失效后果，并探讨了现阶段在FCV消防安全方面亟需完善的内容。分析表明，车载氢系统的潜在失效模式及原因主要包括密封、振动疲劳、机械冲击、碰撞、快速充放氢疲劳、热损伤、控制系统功能失效等，失效的主要后果表现为氢气泄漏。对于氢气泄漏的危害分析应充分结合车辆所处的场景进行综合考量，在极端场景下，“氢气泄漏+密闭/半密闭空间+点火源”将引起火灾甚至爆炸，会严重威胁公众的生命财产安全。因此，建议从强化安全性设计和验证、提升氢泄漏监测和气源控制技术、开展失效致灾危害量化评价、加强火灾防控技术等多个方面，促进车载氢系统的安全性水平提升。

关键词: 燃料电池汽车, 车载氢系统, 失效模式, 失效原因, 氢安全

Abstract: The safety of onboard hydrogen systems is one of the core technical indicators of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), and its safety guarantee is an important prerequisite for the large scale of commercialization of FCVs. Focusing on the safety of the onboard hydrogen system, this paper introduces the composition of the onboard hydrogen system and analyzes the failure modes and causes of the onboard hydrogen system and its components. This paper summarizes the failure consequences of the onboard hydrogen system and discusses the urgent need for the improvement in the fire safety of FCVs at this stage. The analysis shows that the potential failure modes and causes of onboard hydrogen systems mainly include sealing, vibration fatigue, mechanical shock, collision, rapid hydrogen charging and discharging fatigue, thermal damage, and control system function failure, and the main consequence of failure is hydrogen leakage. In extreme scenarios, "hydrogen leakage+confined / semi-confined space+ignition source" will cause fire or even explosion, which will seriously threaten the safety of public life and property. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the safety level of onboard hydrogen systems from many aspects, such as optimizing safety design and verification, improving hydrogen leakage monitoring and gas source control technology, carrying out quantitative evaluation of failure disaster hazards, and strengthening fire prevention and control technology.

Key words: fuel cell vehicles, onboard hydrogen systems, failure modes, failure causes, hydrogen safety