主管:中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办:应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU

消防科学与技术 ›› 2024, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (5): 605-612.

• • 上一篇    下一篇

锂离子电池热失控行为及火灾危险性研究综述

周志钻, 王博轩, 宋露露, 杨立中   

  1. (中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230026)
  • 收稿日期:2024-01-30 修回日期:2024-02-28 出版日期:2024-05-15 发布日期:2024-05-15
  • 作者简介:周志钻(1995— ),男,江西上饶人,中国科学技术大学火灾科学国家重点实验室博士研究生,主要从事锂离子电池火灾安全领域研究,安徽省合肥市蜀山区黄山路443号,230026。

Review on thermal runaway behaviors and fire hazards of lithium-ion batteries

Zhou Zhizuan, Wang Boxuan, Song Lulu, Yang Lizhong   

  1. (State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Hefei 230026, China)
  • Received:2024-01-30 Revised:2024-02-28 Online:2024-05-15 Published:2024-05-15

摘要: 锂离子电池作为一种高效清洁的储能载体,因其能量密度高、自放电低、充电快、循环寿命长等优点在实现碳中和目标中发挥着重要的作用。然而,由于锂离子电池材料的活泼性和电解液的可燃性,其在滥用条件下极易发生热失控,大量热量和可燃气体的产生会进一步造成火灾甚至爆炸事故。锂离子电池潜在的安全问题和高火灾风险在一定程度上限制了其在新能源汽车和电化学储能系统中的大规模应用。本文针对锂离子电池的热失控及火灾问题,梳理了热诱发下锂离子电池热失控行为特性的相关研究现状,总结了从锂离子电池内部材料的反应特性到锂离子电池单体的热失控行为,再到电池模组的热失控演变特征的研究进展,进而分析了锂离子电池热失控及其传播的抑制技术,并给出研究建议及展望。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热滥用, 热失控, 热失控传播, 热失控抑制

Abstract: As an efficient and clean energy storage carrier, lithium-ion batteries play an important role in achieving the goal of carbon neutrality due to their advantages of high energy density, low self-discharge, fast charging and long cycle life. However, due to the activity of the materials and the flammability of the electrolyte, lithium-ion batteries fall into thermal runaway easily under abuse conditions, and the generation of a large amount of heat and flammable gases can cause fire and even explosion accidents. The potential safety issues and high fire risks of lithium-ion batteries have limited their large-scale application in electric vehicles and electrochemical energy storage systems. Aiming at the thermal runaway and fire issues of lithium-ion batteries, this paper reviews the relevant research on the characteristics of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries under thermal abuse, and summarizes the research progress from the thermal stabilities of battery materials to the behaviors of thermal runaway in the single battery, then to the evolution characteristics of TR propagation of the battery module. Furthermore, the prevention and inhibition technologies of thermal runaway and its propagation are analyzed, and the research suggestions and prospects are proposed in this paper.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal abuse, thermal runaway, thermal runaway propagation, inhibition of thermal runaway